C.S. v. Sophir, 84-136

• Decision Date: 24 May 1985
• Docket Number: No. 84-136,84-136
• Citation: 220 Neb. 51,368 N.W.2d 444
• Parties: C.S., Appellant, v. James SOPHIR, Appellee.
• Court: Nebraska Supreme Court

Page 444

368 N.W.2d 444

220 Neb. 51

C.S., Appellant, v. James SOPHIR, Appellee.

No. 84-136.

Supreme Court of Nebraska.

May 24, 1985.

Syllabus by the Court

1. Landlord and Tenant: Negligence. In order to impose liability on a landlord regarding injuries sustained by a tenant, a duty must exist.

2. Landlord and Tenant: Negligence. Whether a duty exists on the part of a landlord to a tenant is ultimately a question of fairness.

3. Landlord and Tenant: Negligence. Factors to consider in imposing a duty on a landlord to a tenant include weighing the relationship of the parties against the nature of the risk and the public interest in the proposed solution, as well as the likelihood of injury, the magnitude of the burden of guarding against it, and the consequences of placing that burden on a defendant.

4. Landlord and Tenant: Negligence. Landlords are not insurers that a tenant will be protected at all times.

5. Landlord and Tenant: Negligence. There is no duty to warn of a known danger.

6. Landlord and Tenant: Negligence. The duty of a landlord toward its tenants may be compared with that of a possessor of land who holds it open for public entry; i.e., there is a duty to exercise reasonable care toward the patrons. Such care may require giving a warning or providing greater protection where there is a likelihood third persons will endanger the safety of visitors. However, that rule does not require a party in the position of a landlord or possessor of land to anticipate the unforeseeable independent acts of third persons, not reasonably anticipated.

7. Negligence. It is not sufficient that the negligence charged furnishes only a condition by which the injury is made possible, for is such condition causes an injury by the subsequent independent act of a third person, the two acts are not concurrent and the existence of the condition is not the proximate cause of the injury.

H. Daniel Smith of Stehlik, Smith & Trustin, Omaha, for appellant.

William J. Brennan, Jr., of Fitzgerald, Brown, Leahy, Strom, Schorr & Barmettler, Omaha, for appellee.

KRIVOSHA, C.J., and BOSLAUGH, HASTINGS, CAPORALE, SHANAHAN, and GRANT, JJ.

HASTINGS, Justice.

The question presented is whether the plaintiff's amended petition stated a cause of action. The trial court held that it did not, and we affirm.

In her amended petition plaintiff alleged that she was a tenant in residence at an apartment complex owned and operated by the defendant. She stated that on November 27, 1982, at an unspecified time, while at her car which was parked in the defendant's parking lot provided for tenants, she was sexually assaulted by a male assailant. Plaintiff further alleged that defendant's manager had actual knowledge of an earlier sexual assault occurring in the same area within 2 months prior to this assault and that the defendant was negligent in failing to warn plaintiff of that assault.

In her second cause of action plaintiff alleged that defendant, after having had actual knowledge of a prior sexual assault on these premises, the lack of proper lighting, and the presence of excessive growth of shrubbery in the area, nevertheless failed to provide adequate security measures and to warn tenants of the danger of sexual assault in the parking area. For the purpose of a demurrer we must assume the truth of all well-pleaded facts.

We deal first with the failure to warn. In order to impose liability on the landlord, a duty must exist. Travelers Indemnity Co. v. Center Bank, 202 Neb. 294, 275 N.W.2d 73 (1979). "Whether a duty exists is ultimately a question of fairness." Goldberg v. Housing Auth. of Newark, 38 N.J. 578, 583, 186 A.2d 291, 293 (1962); King v. Ilikai Properties, Inc., 2 Hawaii App. 359, 632 P.2d 657 (1981).

Factors to consider in imposing a duty on a landlord include weighing the relationship of the parties against the nature of the risk and the public interest in the proposed solution, Goldberg, supra, as well as the likelihood of injury, the magnitude of the burden of guarding against it, and the consequences of placing that burden on a defendant. Smith v. Chicago Housing Authority, 36 Ill.App.3d 967, 344 N.E.2d 536 (1976); King, supra.

Under the facts as alleged in this case, it would be unfair to impose a duty upon the landlord based on a single prior assault at the complex.

First, landlords are not insurers that a tenant will be protected at all times. Foster v. Winston-Salem Joint Venture, 50 N.C.App. 516, 274 S.E.2d 265 (1981); Kline v. 1500 Massachusetts Avenue Apartment Corp., 439 F.2d 477 (D.C.Cir.1970). See Carrigan v. New World Enterprises, Ltd., 112 Ill.App.3d 970, 68 Ill.Dec. 531, 446 N.E.2d 265 (1983).

Second, there is no duty to warn of a known danger. Waegli v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 197 Neb. 824, 251 N.W.2d 370 (1977). The ordinary, reasonable person is aware or should be aware that open parking lots provide an optimum place for crime to occur.

Third, there is no guarantee that if the duty to warn was imposed, a crime would be averted. As pointed out by the Illinois court in Stelloh v. Cottage 83, 52 Ill.App.2d 168, 201 N.E.2d 672 (1964), in affirming the dismissal of the plaintiff's case on facts similar to the present case, "[w]e doubt that the giving of [a] warning, under all the circumstances alleged, would have lessened the probability of the [rape], or that the failure so to notify plaintiff would have increased the hazard in any way." Id. at 171 n. 3, 201 N.E.2d at 673 n. 3. To impose...