Caggiano v. U.S., 92-1436

• Decision Date: 19 October 1992
• Docket Number: No. 92-1436,92-1436
• Parties: NOTICE: First Circuit Local Rule 36.2(b)6 states unpublished opinions may be cited only in related cases. Allen CAGGIANO, Petitioner, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Respondent, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 566

977 F.2d 566

NOTICE: First Circuit Local Rule 36.2(b)6 states unpublished opinions may be cited only in related cases.

Allen CAGGIANO, Petitioner, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Respondent, Appellee.

No. 92-1436.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

October 19, 1992

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

Allen Caggiano, on brief pro se.

A. John Pappalardo, United State Attorney, and Stephen A. Higginson, Assistant United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.

D.Mass.

AFFIRMED.

Before Selya, Cyr and Boudin, Circuit Judges.

Per Curiam.

Allen Caggiano seeks review of a district court judgment dismissing his motion for federal habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Caggiano was convicted of several violations of federal firearms laws under 18 U.S.C. § 922(a),(g),(h) and 18 U.S.C. App. II, § 1202(a). His sentence was enhanced under the Armed Career Criminal Act ("Act"), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). The Act imposes a mandatory minimum prison sentence of fifteen years on persons who violate section 922(g) of the Act, if they have three previous convictions for a "violent felony." Caggiano appealed his conviction to this court, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel had withdrawn several motions to suppress evidence seized during allegedly unlawful searches. We affirmed his conviction in United States v. Caggiano, 899 F.2d 99 (1st Cir. 1990), finding that the searches had been validly conducted pursuant to lawful warrants. Caggiano then brought his section 2255 motion, alleging various constitutional infirmities in his indictment, conviction and sentencing. The district court dismissed the motion. We now affirm.

Much of Caggiano's argument on appeal is based on a new legal theory that was not presented to the district court-that the relevant provisions of the Act were not in effect at the time Caggiano was indicted, tried and sentenced, so that his conviction and sentencing violated the ex post facto clause of the United States Constitution. Caggiano also claims that count three of his indictment was defective because based on false testimony that he had been convicted of three predicate felony convictions for "robbery or burglary." ¹ It is well established that an appellate court does not consider arguments not presented in the first instance to the trial court. Accordingly, we do not consider those arguments, nor any other arguments that Caggiano raises for the first time on appeal. United States v. Valencia-Copete, 792 F.2d 4, 5 (1st Cir. 1986); Porcaro v. United States, 784 F.2d 38, 39 (1st Cir. 1986).

We also note that Caggiano has not appealed the district court's decision on counts one through five of his original section 2255 motion. ² He has appealed only the district court's decision relating to count one, as amended. ³ After originally filing his motion, Caggiano argued that a recent Supreme Court case precluded the government's reliance on an attempted breaking and entering conviction to enhance Caggiano's sentence. The court amended count one of the motion because the case had suggested that an attempted breaking and entering would not qualify as a "burglary" under the Act. See Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598 (1990) ("burglary" as a predicate violent felony for sentence enhancement meant "generic" burglary in which there was an actual entry into a building). Therefore, we confine our discussion to the issue whether the convictions submitted by the government were for valid predicate offenses and to Caggiano's other claims of error in the district court's decision.

Caggiano's arguments are the following: his sentence was enhanced without having had three violent felony convictions as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e); he was not given an evidentiary hearing; the district court improperly had the government file certificates of conviction for felonies not presented to the grand jury or sentencing court; the district court improperly ordered Caggiano either to file an affidavit attesting that he was not the person named on the certificates of conviction, or to face dismissal of his motion; and he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel when advised by counsel to stipulate to having had two violent felony convictions.

The central substantive issue to be resolved is whether Caggiano's previous convictions were violent felonies under the Act. In relevant part, the Act defines a violent felony to be:

any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, ... that (i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or (ii) is burglary, arson, ... or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another....

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). ⁴ The term "crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year" excludes "any State offense classified by the laws of the State as a misdemeanor and punishable by a term of imprisonment of two years or less." Id. § 921(a)(20)(B).

In affirming Caggiano's sentence enhancement, the district court relied on four previous convictions, one each for arson, assault and battery, breaking and entering in the nighttime with intent to commit larceny and larceny, and attempted armed robbery. The court found that each of those offenses carried sentences of at least two and one-half years under Massachusetts law and was a violent felony under the Act. In addition, the court found that attempted breaking and entering, on which Caggiano had also been convicted, was a violent felony. Caggiano does not dispute that his convictions for arson and attempted armed robbery were valid predicate offenses. He denies only that his assault and battery, breaking and entering and attempted breaking and entering convictions were predicate offenses under the Act.

First, Caggiano acknowledges that a complaint against him for assault and battery was issued, but claims that he was not convicted of the charge. The record contradicts his assertion, however. Certified court documents show that Caggiano pled guilty to the assault and battery at issue. Under the Act, the law of the jurisdiction in which conviction proceedings were held determines what a "conviction" is. Id. § 921(a)(20). Massachusetts law makes clear that criminal defendants are considered "convicted" if they admit the truth of the charge against them by pleading guilty. Mass. Gen. Laws c. 263 § 6. Therefore, Caggiano was convicted of assault and battery, and the court properly relied on that conviction as a prior violent felony. ⁵

Second, Caggiano claims that attempted breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny and breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny are not violent felonies because larceny is a misdemeanor under state law. ⁶ This argument is based on a mistaken interpretation of the crimes for which Caggiano was convicted. Although certain larcenies are misdemeanors under state law, see Mass. Gen. Laws c. 266, § 30; c. 274, § 1, Caggiano was not convicted of attempted larceny or larceny alone, but of attempted and actual breaking and entering a building in the nighttime with intent to commit larceny. See Exhibits D, E, and F, attached to Government's Reply to Court Order Dated November 1, 1991. ⁷ Under Massachusetts law, any larceny in a building is a felony, regardless whether anything was stolen at all or what the value was of anything taken. See Mass. Gen. Laws c. 266, § 20 (whoever steals in a building shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison); c. 274, § 1 (a crime punishable by imprisonment in a state prison is a felony); Commonwealth v. Ronchetti, 333 Mass. 78, 81-82 (1955) (the intent to steal is inferred from the breaking and entering itself; the Commonwealth was not required to prove that the defendant intended a larceny which amounted to a felony since, under Mass. Gen. Laws c. 266, § 20, larceny in a building is a felony). Thus, the fact that Caggiano was charged with an "intent to commit larceny" in these convictions does not convert these felonies to misdemeanors. ⁸ Consequently, the district court correctly included Caggiano's convictions for attempted breaking and entering and for breaking and entering as predicate offenses. See also United States v. Payne, 966 F.2d 4, 8 (1st Cir. 1992) (attempted daytime breaking and entering conviction was a violent felony under the Act); United States v. Patterson, 882 F.2d 595 (1st Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1027 (1990) (nighttime breaking and entering conviction was a violent felony under the Act).

In sum, the government successfully showed that Caggiano had more than the three previous convictions required by the Act for sentence enhancement. Caggiano's claim that the court could not permit the government to submit the additional certificates of conviction, or require him to submit an affidavit denying that he was the person convicted, has no merit. Rule 7(a) of the rules governing section 2255 proceedings provides that the judge may direct the parties to expand the record "by the inclusion of additional materials relevant to the determination of the merits of the motion." Certainly, the certificates of conviction were relevant to determining the merits of Caggiano's section 2255 motion averring that he did not have the requisite three predicate offenses, especially since Caggiano had reneged on his stipulation at the sentencing hearing that he had three such offenses. Subsection (b) of the rule further states that "[a]ffidavits may be submitted and considered as a part of the record," and subsection (c) requires that a party "be afforded an opportunity to admit or deny" materials added to the record. Thus, the court's direction that Caggiano submit an affidavit denying the certified convictions submitted by the government was fully authorized by Rule 7.

Caggiano's claim that he could not submit affidavits...