Cameron v. Otto Bock Orthopedic Industry, Inc., 93-2305

• Decision Date: 05 August 1994
• Docket Number: No. 93-2305,93-2305
• Citation: 43 F.3d 14
• Parties: 41 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 723 William CAMERON, et al., Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. OTTO BOCK ORTHOPEDIC INDUSTRY, INC., Defendant, Appellee. . Heard
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 14

43 F.3d 14

41 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 723

William CAMERON, et al., Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. OTTO BOCK ORTHOPEDIC INDUSTRY, INC., Defendant, Appellee.

No. 93-2305.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Heard Aug. 5, 1994.

Decided Dec. 30, 1994.

Albert E. Grady with whom Office of Albert E. Grady, Brockton, MA, was on brief, for appellants.

Ronald M. Davids with whom Michelle I. Schaffer and Campbell & Associates, P.C., Boston, MA, were on brief, for appellee.

Before TORRUELLA, Chief Judge, BOUDIN and STAHL, Circuit Judges.

BOUDIN, Circuit Judge.

In March of 1990, William Cameron, whose left leg had been amputated below the knee in 1965, was fitted with a prosthetic leg. The prosthesis was assembled by Mr. Cameron's prosthetist from components originally sold by various suppliers, including Otto Bock Orthopedic Industry, Inc. ("Otto Bock"). Specifically, the artificial limb featured an Otto Bock pylon, which is an aluminum tube that substitutes for the missing portion of the leg, and an Otto Bock clamp, which attaches the pylon to an artificial foot manufactured and sold by another company.

On May 28, 1991, Mr. Cameron fell when the Otto Bock pylon in his artificial leg broke into two pieces. Cameron alleged that he suffered a fractured pelvis and emotional damage as a result of the fall. Based on diversity jurisdiction, Mr. Cameron sued Otto Bock in federal court, charging negligence and breach of warranty. His wife, Kay Cameron, claimed loss of consortium.

The case was tried by a jury in 1993. Each side attributed the failure of the leg to a different cause. The Camerons claimed that the pylon and clamp had been negligently and defectively designed. Otto Bock's expert testified that the prosthesis broke because the screw that fastened the pylon to the clamp had been "overtorqued," or screwed too tightly, by the prosthetist, despite a warning against overtightening by Otto Bock. The Camerons said that the instructions should have been more detailed. The jury found in favor of Otto Bock and the Camerons appeal.

In this court, the Camerons' claims of error concern two rulings by the district court excluding evidence offered by them. The first ruling excluded several so-called "product failure reports" sent from prosthetists to Otto Bock. These excluded reports, all dated after Mr. Cameron's accident, detail the alleged failures of other prosthetic legs. The second group of excluded documents consisted of "Dear Customer" letters, sent by Otto Bock to prosthetists after the Cameron accident, that provided specific torque measurements to be used when screwing the pylon to the clamp.

1. The product failure reports in question are one-page standardized forms that a prosthetist must fill out in order to obtain a refund or credit for an Otto Bock product. The forms were designed by Otto Bock, but were completed by prosthetists who, in turn, typically obtained their information from conversations with their patients. The form required information about the nature of the problem, the age of the prosthesis, the demands placed on the prosthesis, and the patient's activity when the accident occurred; the form did not inquire directly about the cause of the problem.

The trial judge allowed the Camerons to introduce product failure reports that were dated before Mr. Cameron's accident, solely to show notice on the part of Otto Bock. The trial judge excluded several reports that were created after Mr. Cameron's accident and it is this exclusion that the Camerons claim to be error. There is some doubt whether the Camerons adequately raised and preserved this claim--Otto Bock says they did not. However, the district court did not rest its exclusion on this ground and, as we uphold the exclusion on the merits, we need not decide whether the Camerons waived the issue.

The district court held that the exclusion of the reports was proper because they were irrelevant, because they did not fall within any exception to the hearsay rule, and because they were more prejudicial than probative. We commonly say that we review all three determinations solely for an abuse of discretion. ¹ This may be a mild overstatement since evidentiary rulings can sometimes contain buried rulings of law reviewable de novo, or basic findings of fact subject to clear error review. In this case, fine distinctions about the standard of review would not affect the outcome.

Unlike the pre-accident reports, which were admitted to show notice on the part of Otto Bock, the post-accident reports describe incidents that took place after Mr. Cameron's accident, and thus have no bearing on notice. Neither are they relevant as evidence of a design defect. The reports of other incidents would be probative evidence of the existence of a design defect only if the incidents occurred under circumstances substantially similar to those surrounding Mr. Cameron's accident. Vincent v. Louis Marx & Co., Inc., 874 F.2d 36, 43 (1st Cir.1989); McKinnon v. Skil Corp., 638 F.2d 270, 277 (1st Cir.1981). The circumstances of the post-accident incidents are entirely unknown.

We also think that there is an adequate basis for the district court's alternative conclusion that the reports contained inadmissible hearsay. This did not matter as to pre-accident reports offered solely to show notice; but in order to show defect, the truth of the reports is critical. Yet it appears that the information contained in the reports was provided to Otto Bock from independent prosthetists who themselves derived some or all of the information from their own patients.

While the reports may be part of the business records of Otto Bock in a colloquial sense, that does not render admissible information contained in the records whose source is a non-party to the business. Under Fed.R.Evid. 803(6), the report must be made by a person acting "in the course of a regularly conducted business activity." It is quite clear that the prosthetists' patients are not part of Otto Bock's business. The case is akin to Petrocelli v. Gallison, 679 F.2d 286, 290 (1st Cir.1982), where we held that a hospital patient who related his medical history "is not part of a 'business' routine in which he is individually a regular participant."

We thus have no reason to consider whether the business records exception might apply if the information were generated solely by the prosthetists in the course of their own businesses. See Fed.R.Evid. 805 (hearsay exceptions can be layered). Conversely, we need not pass on the suggestion that the adverse interests of the prosthetists--in obtaining refunds...