Canadian Pacific Ltd., In re, 84-1415

• Decision Date: 14 February 1985
• Docket Number: No. 84-1415,84-1415
• Citation: 224 USPQ 971,754 F.2d 992
• Parties: In re CANADIAN PACIFIC LIMITED. Appeal
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Federal Circuit

Page 992

754 F.2d 992

224 U.S.P.Q. 971

In re CANADIAN PACIFIC LIMITED.

Appeal No. 84-1415.

United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit.

Feb. 14, 1985.

Roberts B. Larson, Larson & Taylor, Arlington, Va., for appellant. With him on the brief was Brewster B. Taylor, Arlington, Va.

Fred W. Sherling, Associate Sol., Dept. of Justice, Arlington, Va., for appellee. With him on the brief were Joseph F. Nakamura, Sol. and Jere W. Sears, Deputy Sol., Washington, D.C.

Before MARKEY, Chief Judge, and RICH and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.

DAVIS, Circuit Judge.

The decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (Board), 222 USPQ 533, affirming a refusal to register as service marks CANADIAN PACIFIC ENTERPRISES LIMITED, LES ENTREPRISES CANADIEN PACIFIQUE LIMITEE (both in special form of lettering), and a representation of nine geese in flight, as shown in Serial Nos. 280,023, 280,024 and 280,025, is affirmed.

I.

Canadian Pacific Limited (Canadian Pacific) filed three substantially identical applications ¹ to register their alleged service marks (Serial Nos. 280,023, 280,024, 280,024, supra ) on the Principal Register for:

Offering shares to the public which involve participation, whether by control or substantial investment, in a portfolio of companies, mainly Canadian companies, with emphasis on the hotel, real estate, resources development and manufacturing industries, providing a shareholder dividend re-investment and share purchase plan; and preparing reports and the like on the progress of companies in the portfolio. [As amended.]

The examiner refused registration on the ground that the applicant was not performing a "service" within the meaning of Section 45 of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. Sec. 1127 (1976). ²

Canadian Pacific is a well-known Canadian corporation having significant interests in railways, shipping, air transport, trucking, communications, and natural resources. Canadian Pacific Enterprises Limited (Enterprises), then a wholly owned subsidiary of Canadian Pacific, ³ was incorporated in 1962 under the laws of Canada "to acquire and develop the resources and other non-transportation interests of its parent." In addition to developing natural resources, real estate and hotel interests, Enterprises also owns an investment portfolio of marketable securities. In connection with its portfolio, Enterprises has established a "Shareholder Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan" (Plan). The applications-to-register are made in connection with this Plan.

The Plan provides a voluntary and convenient means for all registered holders of common shares of Enterprises to reinvest their cash dividends and to make optional cash payments in new common shares of Enterprises. Only the registered holders of common shares of Enterprises may join the Plan. ⁴ By way of support for the assertion that a valuable service is provided, appellant points out that the attendant benefits of the Plan include an automatic quarterly reinvestment, optional quarterly cash payments to be invested in new common shares, no brokerage fees, and regular quarterly statements or reports.

In affirming the refusal to register the applicant's alleged service marks, the Board stated that the activities outlined in the Plan are routine corporate activities no different from those engaged in by other public corporations, "i.e., the offering of shares of stock to the public and to its shareholders, and preparing and distributing periodic reports to its shareholders." The activity applicant labels as a service is "merely accessory" to the initial offering of its own shares, and therefore, the Board reasoned, "not sufficiently separate from that routine corporate activity to constitute a registrable service."

II.

This appeal raises a question of first impression in the elusive quest to find an appropriate definition of "services" under the Lanham Act. The Act defines "service mark," but fails to define "services." A further difficulty is that the legislative history reveals little bearing on the definition of "services." Our predecessor court has reasoned that "no attempt was made to define 'services' simply because of the plethora of services that the human mind is capable of conceiving." American International Reinsurance Co. v. Airco, Inc., 570 F.2d 941, 943, 197 USPQ 69, 71 (CCPA), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 866, 99 S.Ct. 190, 58 L.Ed.2d 175 (1978). Under that principle, appellant points out, the statute is entitled to a liberal interpretation.

In the absence of persuasive reasons to the contrary, words in a statute are to be given their ordinary and common meaning. Banks v. Chicago Grain Trimmers Assn., Inc., 390 U.S. 459, 465, 88 S.Ct. 1140, 20 L.Ed.2d 30, reh. denied, 391 U.S. 929, 88 S.Ct. 1800, 20 L.Ed.2d 671 (1968). Appellant states that the accepted dictionary definition of "services" is "the performance of labor for the benefit of another." (Citing Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (5th Ed.)) (emphasis added). We do not take exception to this definition. On the contrary, that definition is consistent with the Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure Sec. 1301.01, which, in suggesting certain criteria for determining what constitutes a service, states that "a service must be performed to the order of or for the benefit of others than the applicant." (Emphasis added). Hence, our concern here lies in who is to be considered "other" or "another," consonant with the policies of trademark law.

When the Lanham Trademark Act was enacted, Congress was concerned with protecting the purchasers of a service or product. The Committee on Patents stated its belief that the Bill accomplished two purposes:

One is to protect the public so it may be confident that, in purchasing a product bearing a particular trade-mark which it favorably knows, it will get the product which it asks for and wants to get. Secondly, where the owner of a trade-mark has spent energy, time, and money in presenting to the public the product, he is protected in his investment from its misappropriation .... [Emphasis added.]

S.Rep. No. 1333, 79th Cong., 2d Sess. 3, reprinted in 1946 U.S.Code Cong.Service 1274. Thus, it is this goodwill, established in the minds of the relevant buying public, which is protected by the registration of a service mark. See 1 McCarthy, Trademarks and Unfair Competition, Sec. 2.7 (2d ed. 1984). Since it is a segment of the public which "purchases" and "benefits" from a service provided by the owner of the mark, then it is from the viewpoint of a "public" to which we direct our inquiry. The question then becomes whether the shareholders under the Plan are to be considered as members of a "public" for purposes of registrability of these marks.

Because the Plan is available only to Enterprises' own stockholders in connection with their further investment or participation in Enterprises' own activities, we think that no person or entity "other" than Enterprises (and its 75% parent Canadian Pacific, which has made the applications) is at all involved, and therefore that there is no "public"--which by definition must consist of at least some group of the greater public that is separate from the applicant--to which (or to whom) the asserted service mark can be directed and be useful. Enterprises' shareholders are, in fact and in law, its owners, i.e., all together they are Enterprises, and there is no other such owner.

In support of the contrary proposition that Enterprises' shareholders are the "other" in the definition of "services", and therefore members of a "public," appellant directs our attention to American International Reinsurance Co. v. Airco, Inc., supra. In that case, the applicant, whose principal business was the manufacture of sundry products, offered its employees a Retirement Income Plan. It was for this latter service that...