Cancel v. State

• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals
• Writing for the Court: Cohen
• Citation: Cancel v. State, 985 So.2d 1127 (Fla. App. 2008)
• Decision Date: 06 June 2008
• Docket Number: No. 5D07-824.,5D07-824.
• Parties: Carlos CANCEL, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

985 So.2d 1127

Carlos CANCEL, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 5D07-824.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.

June 6, 2008.

Rehearing Denied July 24, 2008.

James S. Purdy, Public Defender, and Henry T. Swann, III, Assistant Public Defender, Daytona Beach, for Appellant.

Bill McCollum, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Kristen L. Davenport, Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, for Appellee.

COHEN, J.

Carlos Cancel appeals his conviction for murder in the second degree with a weapon. The issue for our determination is whether Cancel was deprived of a fair trial because the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on the forcible felony exception to the justifiable use of deadly force. We affirm.

Factual Background

Cancel drove to the Party Liquor store to purchase cigarettes and snacks. Parking in front of the store, Cancel proceeded toward the store's entrance, but Benjamin Finley, the victim, was in the way.¹ Cancel made physical contact with Finley so he could enter Party Liquor. They exchanged verbal unpleasantries, and Cancel, who is approximately 5'7", testified that Finley, approximately 6'8", threatened to "kick his ass" when he left the store. Cancel continued into the store, but instead of making his purchases, he turned around, waited for Finley to move away from the door, and left the store, returning to his car. As he pulled out and began to drive away, Finley threw a plastic bottle at Cancel's car. Cancel drove to the side of the Party Liquor store and got out to inspect for damage; there was none. Rather than simply leave, Cancel retrieved a wooden bat or stick from the trunk of his car and approached Finley, whose back was turned. As he came closer, Cancel asked Finley why he threw the bottle at his car. Finley turned around and either stepped toward or lunged at Cancel. In response, Cancel took a step back, got into a stance similar to a batter awaiting a pitch, swung and struck Finley in the head with enough force to cause his death. Cancel then fled the scene and disposed of the weapon.

Upon being developed as a suspect, Cancel was arrested and interviewed. After being advised of his constitutional rights, Cancel agreed to speak with the detective. During the interview, the detective tried to elicit Cancel's version of events, even suggesting the possibility that he had acted in self defense. Cancel was untruthful and steadfastly denied being present or knowing anything about the incident. However, apparently unbeknownst to Cancel, the Party Liquor store had a surveillance system that captured many of the events leading up to Mr. Finley's death.

At trial, the judge conducted a charge conference and discussed proposed jury instructions. Assistant state attorney Ashton objected to any instruction on self defense, which the trial court properly overruled. The trial judge then went through the self defense instruction line-by-line. Initially, the trial judge concluded that the forcible felony instruction did not apply because there was no evidence of an independent forcible felony. Ultimately, Ashton convinced the trial judge to give the instruction after arguing that Cancel's testimony supported a finding that he committed the independent forcible felony of aggravated assault. The requested instruction read, "However, the use of deadly force is not justifiable if you find ... the defendant was attempting to commit, committing or escaping after the commission of aggravated assault."²

Analysis

The forcible felony instruction precludes a claim of self defense in two situations. First, where the person claiming self defense is attempting to commit, committing, or escaping after committing a forcible felony. § 776.041(1), Fla. Stat. (2007). Second, where the person claiming self defense initially provoked the use of force.³ § 776.041(2). Prior to the Florida supreme court decision in Martinez v. State, 981 So.2d 449 (Fla.2008), this court had held that giving the forcible felony instruction when there was no independent forcible felony was fundamental error requiring reversal. See Sloss v. State, 965 So.2d 1204 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007). After Martinez, giving such an instruction is still erroneous when there is no independent forcible felony, but may not rise to fundamental error. Where, as here, the challenged instruction involves an affirmative defense, as opposed to an element of a crime, fundamental error only occurs when the instruction is so flawed that it deprives the defendant of a fair trial. Martinez, 981 So.2d 449 (quoting Smith v. State, 521 So.2d 106, 108 (Fla.1988)). In making this determination, an extensive review of the record below is required. Id.

In Martinez, the defendant stabbed his girlfriend multiple times in the arm, face, chest, and even once in the back and was subsequently charged with attempted premeditated murder and aggravated battery with a deadly weapon. He raised a number of defenses, including self defense. Id. At trial, without objection, the jury was instructed that they could not find the defendant acted in self defense if he was attempting to commit, committing, or escaping after the commission of an attempted murder or aggravated battery. Id. The supreme court held the instruction erroneous because the defendant was not charged with an independent forcible felony. Id. Specifically, the act upon which the defendant's self defense claim rested was the same action underlying the charges against him. However, the supreme court did not conclude the erroneous instruction rose to the level of fundamental error because self defense was not the defendant's sole defense and because the claim of self defense was "extremely weak." Id.

Unlike the defendant in Martinez, the only defense Cancel raised at trial was self defense; it was predicated on the very act underlying the criminal charges brought against him. Consequently, the trial judge erred in acceding to the prosecutor's request to give the forcible felony jury instruction because it is designed for cases in which the accused is charged with at least two criminal acts: the act underlying the claim of self defense and a separate, independent forcible felony. Cleveland v. State, 887 So.2d 362 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004). As the supreme court noted in Martinez, it approved amendments to the self defense jury instruction in 2006, specifically providing that the forcible felony instruction should only be given when the defendant is charged with more than one forcible felony. See In re Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases (No.2005-4), 930 So.2d 612 (Fla.2006). Here, the only forcible felony Cancel was charged with was the same one underlying his claim of self defense.

The fact that the trial court erroneously gave the instruction does not end this court's analysis. We must determine whether the erroneous instruction deprived Cancel of a fair trial, such that fundamental error was committed. The analysis would have been easier had Ashton not specifically requested and then argued the erroneous instruction during his closing argument. Notwithstanding this consideration, it is apparent, after reviewing the entire record, that Cancel's claim of self defense was extremely weak.

Cancel testified that he felt his life was threatened. However, Cancel admitted that he did not call the police because, "I just figured I could just avoid the whole situation and just leave." Furthermore, instead of simply driving away after observing that his car had sustained no damage from the plastic bottle, Cancel armed himself with a weapon and went out of his way to confront a very intoxicated, albeit large, man from behind and ultimately struck him with enough force to kill him. These actions undermine Cancel's claim of self defense. Also, at trial, the State presented the store's surveillance images of the events leading up to Finley's death. The jury viewed these images during the presentation of the State's case-in-chief Cancel's cross-examination, and during their deliberations. They did not substantiate Cancel's version of the events.⁴ Under these circumstances, we find that the erroneous instruction did not deprive Cancel of a fair trial.

AFFIRMED.

PLEUS, J., concurs.

GRIFFIN, J., concurs specially, with opinion.

GRIFFIN, J., concurring specially.

I recognize that this is a quixotic effort, but since the supreme court, in Martinez,¹ expressly deferred a decision as to whether the giving of an erroneous forcible-felony instruction can constitute fundamental error, I write to raise a single point. Our earlier Sloss opinion² said — and the Supreme Court in Martinez appears to accept — that the forcible-felony exception is an instruction on an...