Cannon v. State

• Citation: 866 N.E.2d 770
• Decision Date: 22 May 2007
• Docket Number: No. 49S05-0705-CR-210.,49S05-0705-CR-210.
• Parties: Eddie CANNON, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).
• Court: Supreme Court of Indiana

866 N.E.2d 770

Eddie CANNON, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).

No. 49S05-0705-CR-210.

Supreme Court of Indiana.

May 22, 2007.

Kimberly A. Jackson, Indianapolis, IN, Attorney for Appellant.

Steve Carter, Attorney General of Indiana, Maureen Ann Bartolo, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.

On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 49A05-0411-CR-622

SHEPARD, Chief Justice.

Eddie Cannon was convicted of operating a vehicle after his license was forfeited for life and was sentenced to five years in prison. The Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction and sentence. Cannon v. State, 839 N.E.2d 185 (Ind.Ct.App.2005). We grant transfer solely to address a claim about ex parte communication.

Background and Case History

In 2003, in a case not on appeal here, Cannon was convicted in the Marion Superior Court, Criminal Division 6, for operating a vehicle after his license was forfeited for life and operating a vehicle while intoxicated. Cannon pled guilty, and, on July 25, 2003, Judge Pro Tempore Jane Barker sentenced him to four years on home detention through "HOCCS," a community corrections enterprise to which Marion County courts sometimes refer offenders. On that date, Judge Barker wrote a note in the case file, which read: "`If he messes up off to DOC. Can't use his wife's hardship again.'" (Tr. at 48-49.)

In May 2004, Cannon was arrested again and charged in the Marion Superior Court, Criminal Division 3, the case ultimately leading to this appeal. The State again charged him with operating a motor vehicle after his license was forfeited for life, with operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated, and with public intoxication, any of which were in violation of his probationary sentence from Judge Barker's Division 6 case. On October 22, 2004, Judge Pro Tempore Jeffrey Marchal presided over Cannon's bench trial and found him guilty of operating a motor vehicle after his license was forfeited for life.

Cannon's wife testified at the sentencing hearing before Judge Marchal. She described her physical condition and said, "I need my husband . . . if you could just find a way or something to let my husband come back home because I need him back. . . . You know, some kind of mercy. Some kind of mercy for my husband, please." (Id. at 41-42.) Cannon testified, "I admit I was wrong for driving that particular day.... [M]y wife was having an asthma attack ... [a]nd I just ask if the Court could find a way, you know, if I could be reinstated at HOCCS ... if I could continue to . . . take care of my wife." (Id. at 42-43.)

Judge Marchal told Cannon he had considered the evidence at trial and at the sentencing hearing, the information in the pre-sentence report, and the arguments of counsel. He recited the aggravating and mitigating factors, finding the clearest aggravating factor to be Cannon's criminal history, which included among other things a 1992 conviction for operating a vehicle after a lifetime forfeiture for which Cannon was sentenced to home detention, a 1994 conviction for the same offense for which Cannon was sentenced to Community Corrections, and a 1997 conviction for the same offense for which Cannon again was sentenced to Community Corrections. Judge Marchal then said:

Then in March of 2003 you were convicted once again of operating a motor vehicle while having your license forfeited for life. You were given four years in the HOCCS program, and you were serving that sentence out of Criminal Court 6 when you committed this offense. All of those things tell me that your likelihood of re-offense is high. In fact, I would put it at automatic . . . . I find that you have had the benefit of alternative programming consistently, but it has had no effect on your behavior . . . . As a mitigating factor I do find . . . that you have an alcohol problem . . . and I am also finding that imposition of a sentence in the Department of Correction would constitute a hardship on your wife. I know she wants you back. I know she has made a fervent plea on your behalf, but I am noting the Court's own hand notes from the Court 6 case that indicates on 7/25/03 and this is a direct quote from the judge, Judge Barker, "If he messes up off to DOC. Can't use his wife's hardship again." The prior judge gave me notice that you would likely bring your wife in here to make the same plea in an effort to get leniency. Sir, I don't want to do what I am about to do to you, but I can't avoid it . . . . I believe the aggravators far, far, far outweigh the mitigators . . . . I am sentencing you to a term of five years in the Indiana Department of Correction . . . . Your sentence must run consecutive to any sentence you are serving or must serve.

(Id. at 47-49.)

On appeal, Cannon argued that Judge Marchal's reference to Judge Barker's note was an improper ex parte communication. Although the Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction and sentence, the panel concluded that Judge Marchal's reference to the note was an improper ex parte communication and a violation of Canon 3B(8) of the Code of Judicial Conduct. Cannon, 839 N.E.2d at 194. We conclude otherwise. Judge Barker's note was not an ex parte communication, and Judge Marchal did not violate the Code of Judicial Conduct.

The Rule Against Ex Parte Communications

To be sure, the Court of Appeals was correct that improper ex parte communications are not necessarily limited to communications between judges and lawyers or parties. A judge may not hear from another judge, any more properly than from a lawyer or anyone else, facts or information about a case, nor may a judge allow another to affect the judge's impartiality and independence. However, it is not so that "any" communication about a case outside the presence of the parties is improperly ex parte, and Canon 3B(8) does not include that language. See Ind. Judicial Conduct Canon 3B(8).

Judges may certainly seek each other's counsel in the performance of their judicial duties. Canon 3 sets out as an exception to the prohibition against ex parte communications consultations "with court personnel and others whose function is to aid the judge in carrying out the judge's adjudicative responsibilities, or with other judges." Id. at 3B(8)(c) (emphasis added). In fact, we encourage judges to rely on one another for advice and consultation. Although this notion certainly encompasses the discussion of abstract legal issues, it does not preclude discussions that touch on a particular case. A judge is not required to couch an inquiry or discussion in abstract terms when particular facts and circumstances, in reality, are central to the topic.

Thus, judges may confer about specific cases in furtherance of their adjudicative responsibilities without violating the rule against ex parte communications. In People v. Hernandez, 160 Cal.App.3d 725, 206 Cal.Rptr. 843 (1984), the sentencing judge consulted with another judge to determine how properly to sentence Hernandez. In response to the assertion that this was an improper ex parte communication, the court cited commentary in the California Code of Judicial Conduct similar to our Canon 3B(8)(c) and said: "The commentaries to the canons of judicial conduct recognize, as we do, that discourse between judges such as occurred in the instant case is not inconsistent with public expectations of the decision-making process or erosive of public confidence in the judiciary." Id. at 850. In McKenzie v. State, 583 N.W.2d 744 (Minn.1998), the trial judge had decided to impanel an anonymous jury after a meeting with other judges presiding over McKenzie's co-defendants' cases. As the McKenzie court wrote:

McKenzie has not cited any authority for the...