Carter v. State

• Decision Date: 22 December 1986
• Docket Number: No. 784S296,784S296
• Citation: 501 N.E.2d 439
• Parties: Charles CARTER, Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee.
• Court: Indiana Supreme Court

Page 439

501 N.E.2d 439

Charles CARTER, Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee.

No. 784S296.

Supreme Court of Indiana.

Dec. 22, 1986.

Stephen J. Manich, Merrillville, for appellant.

Linley E. Pearson, Atty. Gen., Lisa M. Paunicka, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for appellee.

DeBRULER, Justice.

This is a direct appeal from a conviction of dealing in cocaine, a class B felony, I.C. Sec. 35-48-4-1 and I.C. Sec. 35-48-2-6. A jury tried the case. Appellant received a seventeen year sentence.

Appellant raises two issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial court erred in conducting the trial in his absence without first obtaining an express waiver of his right to be present at trial; and (2) whether the trial court erred in admitting into evidence several statements made by Lindsey Carter.

The facts from the record which support the determination of guilt are as follows. On September 22, 1981, Officer Paul Vido, Officer David Mora, and a confidential informant drove to the residence of Lindsey Carter in order to purchase drugs. Officer Vido questioned Lindsey Carter about the availability of cocaine. Subsequently, the Officers, the informant, and Lindsey Carter drove to the residence of appellant. Thereafter, appellant, who was Lindsey Carter's brother, sold Officer Vido two grams of cocaine for one hundred and eighty dollars. A laboratory toxicologist confirmed that the purchased substance was cocaine. On October 13, 1981, the State charged appellant with the instant offense.

I

Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it conducted the trial in his absence without first obtaining an express waiver of his right to be present at trial.

The rule is that the defendant must be personally present at every critical stage of the proceedings unless he knowingly and voluntarily waives that right. Taylor v. United States (1973), 414 U.S. 17, 19, 94 S.Ct. 194, 195, 38 L.Ed.2d 174, 177 (per curiam); Bullock v. State (1983), 451 N.E.2d 646, 647; Faison v. State (1981) Ind., 428 N.E.2d 784, 786; Howard v. State (1978), 268 Ind. 589, 592, 377 N.E.2d 628, 630, cert. denied 439 U.S. 1049, 99 S.Ct. 727, 58 L.Ed.2d 708. The continued absence of a defendant who knows of his obligation to be in court, when coupled with a failure to notify the court and provide it with an explanation, constitutes a knowing and voluntary waiver. Shepler v. State (1980), Ind. , 412 N.E.2d 62, 66.

Martin v. State (1984), Ind., 457 N.E.2d 1085, 1086.

Here, the record reveals that the appellant was personally advised of the trial date. He did not notify the trial court nor provide it with an explanation of his absence. Consequently, he knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to be present at trial.

II

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence several out-of-court statements made by Lindsey Carter. Appellant's trial counsel objected to the statements on the grounds that they consisted of hearsay.

Hearsay evidence has been defined as follows:

"Hearsay evidence is testimony in Court or written evidence, of a statement made out of court, such statement being offered as an assertion to show the truth of the matters asserted therein, and thus resting for its value upon the credibility of the out-of-court asserter." McCormick, Evidence, Sec. 225 (1954).

Indianapolis, Inc. v. Fields (1970), 254 Ind. 219, 259 N.E.2d 651, 673. The rule applies to written as well as oral statements, and relates to the compentency of matter and not its relevance. It ".. excludes extrajudicial utterances only when offered for a special purpose, namely, as assertions to the truth of the matter asserted." 6 Wigmore, Evidence Sec. 1766 (3d ed. 1940). Indianapolis Newspapers, Ind. v. Fields, Ind., supra [, 259 N.E.2d] at 674. The rule applies to statements of fact which can be considered true or false. If the questioned utterance is offered to prove the fact of the utterance and not offered to prove the truth of the facts asserted, then there is no hearsay. The fact of the utterance may safely rest for its evidentiary value upon the credibility of any witness who may have heard or read it and testifies to it in court. The rule guards against fact asserted in an utterance because it rests for its evidentiary value, not upon the credibility of any witness who may have heard it, but upon the actual asserter who is absent from the trial. Hearsay evidence may nevertheless be admissible at trial under exceptions, the basis for which relates to the existence of adequate substitutes for cross-examination of the asserter.

Connell v. State (1984), Ind., 470 N.E.2d 701, 705-706; See also Harvey v. State (1971), 256 Ind. 473, 269 N.E.2d 759. The challenged statements are set forth here:

Q. What did Lindsey Carter say?

By Mr. Graddick: Objection ... hearsay.

By the Court: He's the co-defendant, overruled.....

Officer Vido A. ... He stated that he didn't have any, but that he knew that his brother had some cocaine.

Q. And what did Lindsey Carter say?

Officer Mora A. He had to talk to his brother. He made a telephone call.

By Mr. Graddick: ... I would like the record to reflect my objection.

By the Court: You may have a continuing objection, all statements by Lindsey Carter....

By the Court: It's overruled.

A. We asked about the possibility of purchasing drugs, and...