Castille v. Peoples

• Decision Date: 22 February 1989
• Docket Number: No. 87-1602,87-1602
• Citation: 109 S.Ct. 1056,489 U.S. 346,103 L.Ed.2d 380
• Parties: Ronald D. CASTILLE, etc., et al., Petitioners v. Michael PEOPLES
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

489 U.S. 346

109 S.Ct. 1056

103 L.Ed.2d 380

Ronald D. CASTILLE, etc., et al., Petitioners

v Michael PEOPLES.

No. 87-1602.

Argued Dec. 6, 1988.

Decided Feb. 22, 1989.

Rehearing Denied May 15, 1989.

See 490 U.S. 1076, 109 S.Ct. 2091.

Syllabus

Following the Pennsylvania Superior Court's affirmance, on direct appeal, of respondent's conviction of assault, robbery, and related crimes, he filed with the State Supreme Court successive unsuccessful petitions for allocatur, which, under state law, can be granted in the court's discretion "only when there are special and important reasons therefor." Respondent next filed a petition for federal habeas relief, raising various federal claims, some of which had been raised before the state courts only in one or the other of respondent's unsuccessful petitions for allocatur. The Federal District Court dismissed the petition for failure to exhaust state remedies. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded. Without considering whether respondent could obtain state collateral review of his claims, the court held that their inclusion in the allocatur petitions sufficiently exhausted state remedies, since the State's highest court had thereby been given an opportunity to correct the alleged constitutional infirmities in respondent's conviction.

Held:

1. Title 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c) provides that a state-law judgment cannot be reviewed on federal habeas if the petitioner has a state-law right "to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented." This bar does not apply where the petitioner has already made a "fair presentation" of the particular claim to the state courts and has exhausted his direct appeals, since in such a situation it can reasonably be assumed that even if further state procedures are available, resort to them would be useless. That assumption is not justified, however, when the claim has been presented to the state courts for the first and only time in a procedural context in which its merits will not be considered unless "there are special and important reasons therefor." Raising the issue in that fashion is not "fair presentation" for purposes of the exception, and the bar of § 2254(c) continues to apply. The Court of Appeals therefore erred in resting its conclusion that respondent had exhausted his state remedies upon his presentation of the federal claims in the allocatur petitions. Pp. 349-351 2. Wheth r the requisite exhaustion nonetheless exists because respondent's claims are now procedurally barred under Pennsylvania law should be decided by the Court of Appeals on remand. P. 351-352.

838 F.2d 462 (CA3 1987), reversed and remanded.

SCALIA, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.

Gaele M. Barthold, Philadelphia, Pa., for petitioners.

Robert E. Welsh, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa., for respondent.

Justice SCALIA delivered the opinion of the Court.

Following a jury trial in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas, respondent Michael Peoples, who had been arrested for robbing a man and then setting him on fire, was convicted of "arson—endangering persons," aggravated assault, and robbery. The Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed his conviction on direct appeal. Commonwealth v. Peoples, 319 Pa.Super. 621, 466 A.2d 720 (1983). Respondent then filed a pro se petition for allocatur and appointment of counsel with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Under Pennsylvania law, such allocatur review "is not a matter of right, but of sound judicial discretion, and an appeal will be allowed only when there are special and important reasons therefor." Pa.Rule App.Proc. 1114. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court granted the request for counsel without reaching the merits of the claims presented. Shortly thereafter, respondent, represented by appointed counsel, submitted a second petition for allocatur, raising some, but not all, of the claims he had raised pro se. On November 4, 1985, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied the second petition without opinion.

On July 28, 1986, respondent filed a petition for federal habeas relief in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, asserting: (1) that the prosecutor violated state law, and thereby due process, by cross- examining him with regard to unrelated crimes; (2) that the Court of Common Pleas arbitrarily deprived him of his state-law right to a bench trial; (3) that the police used unreasonably suggestive identification procedures, which tainted the prosecution's in-court identifications; and (4) that defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to move to suppress various state's evidence obtained from an illegal arrest and search and seizure, and by failing to contest the introduction of evidence that respondent had acted in contempt of court by drastically altering his hairstyle just prior to a scheduled lineup.

After reviewing the procedural history of each claim, the District Court denied relief and dismissed the petition for failure to exhaust state remedies. Upon respondent's appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reversed and remanded for a hearing on the merits. Peoples v. Fulcomer, 838 F.2d 462 (1987) (judgment order). The court found that claims (2) and (4) had first been raised in one or the other of the unsuccessful petitions for allocatur, but, without considering whether respondent could obtain review of these claims on state collateral review, held that such presentation sufficiently exhausted state remedies. Specifically, the Court of Appeals held that claims raised by respondent in either his pro se petition for allocatur or his later counseled petition for allocatur were exhausted by virtue of their inclusion in such petitions. It believed this result dictated by Chaussard v. Fulcomer, 816 F.2d 925 (1987), an earlier Third Circuit opinion, which had read our case law to provide that "the exhaustion rule is satisfied when the state courts have had an 'opportunity to pass upon and correct' alleged violations of a prisoner's federal constitutional rights." Id., at 928, quoting Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 438, 83 S.Ct. 822, 848, 9 L.Ed.2d 837 (1963). The Chaussard panel concluded that the discretionary nature of allocatur review by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court "does not affect the fact that [the] petition for allocatur . . . gave the highest Pennsylvania state court the opport nity to cor- rect each alleged constitutional infirmity in [the] criminal convictio[n]." 816 F.2d, at 928. We granted certiorari to consider whether the presentation of claims to a State's highest court on discretionary review, without more, satisfies the exhaustion requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 486 U.S. 1004, 108 S.Ct. 1727, 100 L.Ed.2d 192 (1988).

Respondent's habeas petition should have been dismissed if state remedies had not been exhausted as to any of the federal claims. Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982). The exhaustion requirement, first enunciated in Ex parte Royall, 117 U.S. 241, 6 S.Ct. 734, 29 L.Ed. 868 (1886), is grounded in principles of comity and reflects a desire to "protect the state courts' role in the enforcement of federal law," Rose v. Lundy, supra, 455 U.S., at 518, 102 S.Ct., at 1203. In addition, the requirement is based upon a pragmatic recognition that "federal claims that have been fully exhausted in state courts will more often be accompanied by a complete factual record to aid the federal courts in their review." 455 U.S., at 519, 102 S.Ct., at 1203-1204. Codified since 1948 in 28 U.S.C. § 2254,¹ the exhaustion rule, while not a jurisdictional requirement, Granberry v. Greer, 481 U.S. 129, 107 S.Ct. 1671, 95 L.Ed.2d 119 (1987), creates a "strong presumption in favor of requiring the prisoner to pursue his available state remedies." Id., at 131, 107 S.Ct., at 1674; see also Rose v. Lundy, supra, 455 U.S., at 515, 102 S.Ct., at 1201-1202 ("[S]tate remedies must be exhausted except in unusual circumstances").

Today we address again what has become a familiar inquiry: "To what extent must the petitioner who seeks federal habeas exhaust state remedies before resorting to the federal court?" Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 78, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 2502, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977) (emphasis added). Title 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c) provides that a claim shall not be deemed exhausted so long as a petitioner "has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented." Read narrowly, this language appears to preclude a finding of exhaustion if there exists any possibility of further state-court review. We have, however, expressly rejected such a construction, Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 448-449, n. 3, 73 S.Ct. 397, 403, n. 3, 97 L.Ed. 469 (1953), holding instead that once...