Caygill v. Ipsen

• Decision Date: 01 June 1965
• Citation: Caygill v. Ipsen, 27 Wis.2d 578, 135 N.W.2d 284 (Wis. 1965)
• Parties: Billie CAYGILL et al., Respondents, v. Mrs. Henry IPSEN et al., Defendants, Vincent Thompson et al., Appellants.
• Court: Wisconsin Supreme Court

Page 284

135 N.W.2d 284

27 Wis.2d 578

Billie CAYGILL et al., Respondents, v. Mrs. Henry IPSEN et al., Defendants Vincent Thompson et al., Appellants.

Supreme Court of Wisconsin.

June 1, 1965.

W. L. Jackman, Madison, for appellants.

Frank D. Hamilton, Dodgeville, for respondents.

HEFFERNAN, Justice.

We conclude that the complaint improperly joins two separate causes of action in that they do not affect both parties who have been joined as defendants. They require different places of trial, and are not stated separately. We rely on sec. 263.04, Stats., which provides:

'Uniting causes of action. The plaintiff may unite in the same complaint several causes of action, whether they be such as were formerly denominated legal or equitable or both. But the causes of action so united must affect all the parties to the action and not require different places of trial, and must be stated separately.'

If there is but a single cause of action stated by the plaintiff, the question of misjoinder does not arise. The plaintiff alleges but one cause of action. If, however, more than one cause of action is in fact stated, the question of misjoinder of causes must be considered.

Judge Charles E. Clark ³ has defined a cause of action as, '* * * a group of facts, but limited as a lay onlooker would to a single occurrence or affair, without particular reference to the resulting legal right or rights.' ⁴ This definition Clark finds to be that most nearly approaching the code ideal. Looking at the facts alleged by the plaintiff in light of this definition of a cause of action, there is little doubt that two separate 'occurrences or affairs' as a lay onlooker would view them, are alleged in the plaintiff's complaint.

Clark further defines a cause of action as, 'a factual unit, whose limits are determined by the time and sequence and unity of the happenings, rather than * * * potential judicial action.' ⁵

The operative facts, not the consequences, are determinative of a cause of action. 'It is the wrongful act, and not the injury, that creates liability.' ⁶

Applying these concepts, a cause of action must be viewed as a grouping of facts falling into a single unit or occurrence as a lay person would view them. This grouping of facts consists of 'the defendant's wrongful act.' It is apparent that here there are two such groupings or two distinct wrongful acts alleged, one by each defendant. There is no doubt, however artfully plaintiff's counsel has sought to denominate it, ⁷ that the plaintiff's claim against Ipsen and Thompson are two separate and distinct causes of action irrespective of how the consequences have merged in the resultant injuries. In Rogers v. City of Oconomowoc (1962), 16 Wis.2d 621, 115 N.W.2d 635, this court concluded that 'the accident' was the subject of the controversy that constituted a single cause of action.

The plaintiff resorts to the much used and quoted 'primary right' definition of Professor Pomeroy and insists that but a single such right is asserted, the right to recover damages for an indivisible injury. However, the 'primary right' of the plaintiff here is to be free from the tortious invasion of her person. What the plaintiff denominates as a 'primary right' is the remedy or relief itself. Professor Pomeroy makes it clear that there are separate and distinct elements giving rise to judicial relief. The elements are:

'* * * a primary right possessed by the plaintiff, and a corresponding primary duty devolving upon the defendant; a delict or wrong done by the defendant which consisted in a breach of such primary right and duty; a remedial right in favor of the plaintiff, and a remedial duty resting on the defendant springing from this delict, and finally the remedy or relief itself.' ⁸

The conduct of the defendants, Thompson and Ipsen, are two separate invasions of the right to be free from bodily harm, and, as a consequence, the accidents give rise to two separate causes of action.

Having reached this conclusion, we must now proceed to determine whether the causes are improperly joined. This court has previously determined that our statutes permit the joinder of causes when the following appears:

'The causes (1) must affect all the parties to the action; (2) must not require different places of trial; (3) must be separately stated.' ⁹

The plaintiff has violated the third requirement by not separately stating the causes of action. This, however, is not to be deemed a fatal defect subject to demurrer if the causes are in fact otherwise properly joined. ¹⁰

Having found that separate causes of action had been pleaded, it follows that the action against Thompson cannot be tried in Dane county since the Thompson accident occurred in Grant county and Thompson is a resident of Dodge county, but the cause of action against Ipsen is properly brought in Dane county, where the accident occurred. ¹¹ Hence, they require separate places of trial, and a joinder would violate the final requirement of sec. 263.04, Stats.

Moreover, the complaint violates the provisions of sec. 263.04, Stats., in that the defendant, Thompson, is not affected by the cause against Ipsen, or Ipsen by the cause against Thompson. The cause of action for the accident of August 21, 1961, affects only the defendant, Ipsen, while the cause of action arising from the accident of January 9, 1962, affects only Thompson.

Our case law is replete with instances of Judicial restatements of the simple statutory rule that each cause of action is to affect all parties to the action. In Jordan v. Koerth (1933), 212 Wis. 109, 248 N.W. 918, the plaintiff brought an action for false arrest. He subsequently amended his complaint to add an additional claim for damages against the original defendant and another person for a subsequent arrest. The court stated the rule:

'There was thus united upon plaintiff's motion in one complaint a cause of action against one individual with a cause of action against that individual and another. The amendment was objected to, and offends against the rule as fixed by the Legislature in section 263.04, [Stats.,] * * *' P. 112, 248 N.W. p. 919.

This court in Kamke v. Clark (1955), 268 Wis. 465, 67 N.W.2d 841, 68 N.W.2d 727; pointed out that various defendants who had created a nuisance by the dumping of noxious refuse could not be joined in a single action at law since they were not joint tortfeasors. Unless the parties are joint tortfeasors, the cause of action against one is not a cause of action against the other, and each defendant is unaffected by the other asserted claims.

This, of course, is the gist of the plaintiff's position--that the defendants, by virtue of their contributing to an indivisible injury, are joint tortfeasors, and the joinder of them is not violative of sec. 263.04, Stats. If they are in fact joint tortfeasors, the law has long allowed joinder, since their responsibility to the defendant would be identical. In English law, joint tortfeasors are those who act in concert, and joinder is permitted only in those cases. It is not permitted, even when the torts are concurrent, if independent. ¹² Certainly, the meaning of 'joint tort' was originally the doing of a wrong through designedly concerted action. The theory was that those who share a common purpose and act together to do harm should be liable vicariously for the acts of each other. Our court, like that of most states, has ameliorated the English common law rule that there can be joint liability only when there is concerted action by mutual or conspiratorial design. There are a number of cases where the independent acts of two defendants have concurred to produce a single and indivisible result, and in those cases joinder is permitted. Thus, where two automobiles collide and injure the plaintiff, joinder is permitted and both of the defendants can be sued in a single lawsuit.

We have also concluded that there may be an impleader of parties and a joint trial of the actions in malpractice cases when the injury sustained is a consequence of the original tort and the subsequent malpractice results in inseparable injuries and damages. ¹³ It should be noted, however, that these cases are easily distinguishable from the case at bar. Where the negligence of two tortfeasors concurs as to time and place and results in a single accident or occurrence, and the acts of the wrongdoers combine in a single force to produce injury, there is but one cause of action, and in accordance with our well established rules of pleading, the defendants can be joined in a single lawsuit.

Some jurisdictions have allowed the joinder of consecutive tortfeasors in the chain reaction accident, a type of automobile collision that arises more and more frequently on our congested highways. Here, again, there is a substantial concurrence of the time factor, the successive collisions being only seconds or minutes apart. ¹⁴ Again, this is one event or occurrence in the eyes of the lay onlooker.

The recent cases that permit joinder of successive torts involve only an insignificant time lapse between them, not almost five months as in the case before us.

The malpractice cases and others like them present a different situation. They rest upon the theory that a tortfeasor is liable for foreseeable consequences of his act including the hazard that the injured party will be obliged to seek medical assistance and thus expose himself to the dangers of negligent medical care.

We conclude, therefore, that these cases are not joint torts giving rise to the right of joinder. In Wisconsin, where the joinder of consecutive tortfeasors has been permitted, the acts are either closely related in terms of time or else the subsequent torts were foreseeable as a consequence of the original wrongful act. ¹⁵

We do not, by this opinion, rule out the possibility of joinder where the acts are consecutive but are closely enough related in a time sequence to constitute one...