Celtronix Telemetry v. Fed. Commun. Comm'n

Decision Date16 November 2001
Docket NumberNos. 00-1400,s. 00-1400
Citation272 F.3d 585
Parties(D.C. Cir. 2001) Celtronix Telemetry, Inc., Appellant/Petitioner v. Federal Communications Commission, et al., Appellee/Respondents & 00-1401
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit

Appeal from and Petition for Review of an Order of the Federal Communications Commission

Richard S. Myers argued the cause and filed the briefs for appellant/petitioner.

Stewart A. Block, Counsel, Federal Communications Commission, argued the cause for appellee/respondents. With him on the brief were Jane E. Mago, General Counsel, Daniel M. Armstrong, Associate General Counsel, Catherine G. O'Sullivan and Andrea Limmer, Attorneys, U.S. Department of Justice.

Before: Ginsburg, Chief Judge, Henderson, Circuit Judge, and Williams, Senior Circuit Judge.

Opinion for the Court filed by Senior Circuit Judge Williams.

Stephen F. Williams, Senior Circuit Judge:

In 1994 the Federal Communications Commission auctioned off a group of Interactive Video and Data Service ("IVDS") licenses. In 1997 it changed the rules governing grace periods for winning bidders who made late installment payments. Celtronix, a winning bidder for such a license, alleges that the change was unlawfully retroactive. We affirm the Commission's decision.

* * *

In a June 1994 auction Celtronix (then known as Community Teleplay, Inc.) won an IVDS license for the NorfolkVirginia Beach Metropolitan Service Area. As a small business, Celtronix was allowed to pay its winning bid in installments over the term of the license. 47 C.F.R. 1.2110(d) (1994). The regulation provided that any payment would be in default after 90 days delinquency, but allowed a licensee to request a three-to-six-month grace period. Id. 1.2110(d)(4)(i), (ii). In considering whether to grant the grace period, the Commission could consider the licensee's payment history, the reasons for default, the licensee's financial condition, and other circumstances. Id. Though its regulations were not exactly clear on the availability of additional grace periods, the Commission issued a public notice claiming discretion to "extend or grant additional grace periods where circumstances warrant." Public Notice, "Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Staff Clarifies 'Grace Period' Rule for IVDS 'Auction' Licensees Paying By Installment Payments," 10 FCC Rcd 10724 (1995).

In 1997 the Commission changed its grace period rule in the Third Report and Order and Second Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making, 13 FCC Rcd 374 (1997) ("Grace Period Order"). Under the new regulation, a licensee who missed a payment would automatically have 90 extra days to do so without being considered delinquent. 47 C.F.R. 1.2110(f)(4)(i) (1998). This came at the price of a 5% late fee on the amount past due. Id. Failure to make payment at the end of the first 90-day period would result in a second automatic 90-day grace period and a 10% late fee. Id. 1.2110(f)(4)(ii). (Formerly, there had been an interest charge, amortized over the term of the license.) Any licensee failing to make payment after 180 days delinquency (or failing to pay the late fee) would then be in default. Id. 1.2110(f)(4)(iii), (iv).1

Celtronix filed a petition for reconsideration of the Grace Period Order in January 1998 and, in July of that year, an emergency motion for stay pending review of the petition. But in September 1998, just before the final date on which Celtronix's license would have been permanently defaulted, the Commission announced a notice of a proposed rulemaking aimed at introducing new flexibility for spectrum occupied by IVDS licensees; to reflect the change it immediately redesignated the service as the "218-219 Mhz Service." Amendment of Part 95 of the Commission's Rules to Provide Regulatory Flexibility in the 218-219 MHz Service, Order, Memorandum Opinion and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 13 FCC Rcd 19064 p 16 (1998). For the duration of that rulemaking the Commission suspended all installment payments for licensees who were paid up through March 16, 1998 or had properly filed grace period requests. Id. p 13.

In its final order on the 218-219 Mhz Service, Amendment of Part 95 of the Commission's Rules to Provide Regulatory Flexibility in the 218-219 MHz Service, Report and Order and Memorandum Opinion and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 1497 (1999) ("218-219 MHz Service Order"), the Commission dismissed Celtronix's grace period requests and its emergency stay motion, saying that parties that had properly filed grace period requests had already received "an extended grace period." Id. p p 45, 133. It also provided three options for licensees in Celtronix's situation: (1) reamortization and the resumption of installment payments; (2) amnesty, under which the licensee could return the license, have its debt forgiven, and receive a partial refund of prior payments; and (3) prepayment of the entire amount. Id. p 34. Additionally, the Commission provided that the former 5- year term would be extended to 10 years. Id. p p 25-32.

Celtronix sought reconsideration of the 218-219 MHz Service Order in December 1999. While that was pending, the Commission denied Celtronix's petition for reconsideration of the Grace Period Order. Amendment of Part 1 of the Commission's Rules--Competitive Bidding Procedures, Order on Reconsideration of the Third Report and Order, Fifth Report and Order, and Fourth Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making, 15 FCC Rcd 15293, p 27 (2000). Then, in December 2000, the Commission denied reconsideration of the 218-219 MHz Service Order, and reaffirmed that IVDS licensees must decide among the three options of amnesty, resuming repayment, or prepayment of the entire amount. See Amendment of Part 95 of the Commission's Rules to Provide Regulatory Flexibility in the 218-219 MHz Service, Second Order on Reconsideration, 15 FCC Rcd 25020, p p 1, 34 (2000). It rejected Celtronix's proposal of a fourth option under which licensees could disaggregate, i.e., could retain part of their 218-219 Mhz spectrum for a given market and return the rest to the Commission. Id. at p p 14-20.

Celtronix chose to return the license to the Commission for amnesty, subject to its claim for a disaggregation alternative. It filed a petition for reconsideration of this order, which is still pending before the Commission.

As to the Grace Period Order, Celtronix filed a petition for review under 402(a) of the Communications Act (No. 001401) and an appeal under 402(b) (No. 00-1400). Since these jurisdictional provisions are mutually exclusive, see Freeman Engineering Associates, Inc. v. FCC, 103 F.3d 169, 177 (D.C. Cir. 1997), and because Celtronix's case falls into none of the categories in 402(b)(1) through (8), we dismiss appeal No. 00-1400 and take jurisdiction for No. 00-1401 under 402(a).

There is another jurisdictional concern. Given Celtronix's election of amnesty in the event that its disaggregation proposal does not prevail (either by Commission change of heart or by judicial reversal of the Commission), there is a distinct chance that Celtronix would not benefit from a victory here; absent disaggregation, it would simply take its amnesty and depart. But we do not see this possibility as impairing its standing. Compare a standard two-issue case: If a plaintiff presents two or more alternative grounds as routes to its hoped-for ultimate victory, a court does not lose jurisdiction over the second claim once it has ruled in the plaintiff's favor on the first claim; victory on the first claim doesn't moot the second. Air Line Pilots Ass'n Int'l v. UAL Corp., 897 F.2d 1394, 1397 (7th Cir. 1990). Conversely, if a party must prevail on both of two theories to achieve a meaningful win (e.g., knock out a regulation), its loss on the first does not moot the second. Worldcom, Inc. v. FCC, 246 F.3d 690, 695 (D.C. Cir. 2001). For both situations, the continued exercise of jurisdiction by the court is based on a practical consideration: Disposition of both bases has the potential of achieving judicial economies, as higher-level review might remove the first basis for the outcome. See id.

Just as the contingent character of the ruling on the second issue in the above cases does not spell mootness, so too the fact that here Celtronix's ultimate success may depend on the outcome of pending administrative litigation should not be seen as rendering the harm inflicted on it by the Commission's grace period decision too "conjectural" for purposes of standing. City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102 (1983). Otherwise, a party requiring victory on two fronts in two fora could easily lose his chance for review on the first claim to be put forward for adjudication, see 28 U.S.C. 2344 (requiring petition for review to be filed within 60 days), thus destroying his chance of prevailing, regardless of the merits.

* * *

Celtronix argues that the new grace period rule, 47 C.F.R. 1.2110(g)(4), violates the Administrative Procedure Act, which limits "rules" to agency prescriptions of "future effect." 5 U.S.C. 551(4); see Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital, 488 U.S. 204, 216-25 (1988) (Scalia, J., concurring); Bergerco Canada v. U.S. Treasury Department, 129 F.3d 189, 192-93 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (treating Justice Scalia's concurring opinion as substantially authoritative, though noting that "[t]he Bowen majority, to be sure, neither embraced nor rejected Justice Scalia's view"). To a large extent Celtronix invokes the criteria applied in Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244 (1994), a case that explored the question of what sort of retroactivity was subject to the longstanding presumption against retroactive statutes. Id. at 263-80. Here, of course, there is no issue of intent at all: the Commission indisputably intended its new grace period rule to apply to payment delays occurring after the rule's adoption but in connection with previously issued...

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