Chancellor v. Boeing Co., 85-6131.

• Citation: 678 F. Supp. 250
• Decision Date: 03 February 1988
• Docket Number: No. 85-6131.,85-6131.
• Parties: James Melvin CHANCELLOR, Plaintiff, v. The BOEING COMPANY, et al., Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Kansas

678 F. Supp. 250

James Melvin CHANCELLOR, Plaintiff, v. The BOEING COMPANY, et al., Defendant.

No. 85-6131.

United States District Court, D. Kansas.

February 3, 1988.

Fred W. Phelps, Phelps-Chartered, Topeka, Kan., for plaintiff.

Gloria G. Flentje, Foulston, Siefkin, Powers & Eberhardt, Wichita, Kan., for defendant.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

CROW, District Judge.

The case comes before the court on plaintiff's motion for an order permitting ex parte interviews of certain witnesses before trial and on defendants' countermotion for a protective order pursuant to Fed.R. Civ.P. 26(c) restricting this ex parte contact. Plaintiff has listed those witnesses, current employees of defendant, which his counsel wishes to interview ex parte on certain disclosed areas. Three of the witnesses are past supervisors of plaintiff, but they have never been employed as management at Wichita. One of the witnesses was a former supervisor but was demoted in September, 1982, before this action was filed. Apparently, all of the other witnesses were promoted into supervision rather than plaintiff, but some of them have since been removed from supervision. Defendants' position is grounded on DR7-104(A)(1) as adopted by this court in D.Kan. Rule 407 and as interpreted by the various courts.

DR 7-104(A)(1) provides:

During the course of his representation of a client a lawyer shall not:

(1) communicate or cause another to communicate on the subject of the representation with a party he knows to be represented by a lawyer in that matter unless he has the prior consent of the lawyer representing such other party or is authorized by law to do so. (Emphasis supplied.)

In those cases where the parties are individuals, this rule is easily enforced. When the named party is a corporation or governmental agency, the courts have struggled with the concept and scope of "party" in DR 7-104(A)(1). The plaintiffs aptly refer to a decision of this judge, while sitting as a magistrate, holding that "party" means "control group" as defined in the context of the attorney-client relationship existing between corporate counsel and corporate employees. Maxwell v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, et al., No. 80-4239 (D.Kan. Oct. 28, 1980). Since that decision, the Supreme Court has rejected the "control group" test preferring a case-by-case determination of when an attorney-client privilege exists for any employee of the corporation. Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 395-397, 101 S.Ct. 677, 685-86, 66 L.Ed.2d 584 (1981). The Supreme Court observed:

In the corporate context, however, it will frequently be employees beyond the control group as defined by the court below—"officers and agents ... responsible for directing the company's actions in response to legal advice"—who will possess the information needed by the corporation's lawyers. Middle-level —and indeed lower-level—employees can, by actions within the scope of their employment, embroil the corporation in serious legal difficulties, and it is only natural that these employees would have the relevant information needed by corporate counsel if he is adequately to advise the client with respect to such actual or potential difficulties.

449 U.S. at 391, 101 S.Ct. at 683. The fear of corporations' achieving a cloak of silence over its affairs was allayed by the further observation that the privilege only protects the disclosure of communications rather than the disclosure of the underlying facts. 449 U.S. at 395, 101 S.Ct. at 685. Based upon the Upjohn decision, the court believes the "control group" test is a disfavored legal concept that is no longer appropriate as a definition of "party" in DR 7-104(A)(1).

The historical purposes of DR 7-104(A)(1) include "preserving the proper functioning of the legal system and shielding the adverse party from improper approaches." Wright by Wright v. Group Health Hosp., 103 Wash.2d 192, 691 P.2d 564, 567 (1984), citing ABA Comm. on Professional Ethics and Grievances, Formal op. 108 (1934). The rule's primary aim is to prevent a represented party from being taken advantage of by opposing counsel upon the presumption that the party's attorney neutralizes the contact. Wright, 691 P.2d at 567.

Defendants' position is that all corporate employees with past or present managerial responsibilities are parties under DR 7-104(A)(1). Plaintiff suggests that only the "named defendants or those employees of defendant with truly significant managerial responsibility with regard to the promotion denials at issue herein" should be considered parties.

A policy conflict does arise from a corporation's use of DR 7-104(A)(1) to impede an opposing counsel from interviewing ex parte its employees. The opposing counsel obviously considers certain information held exclusively by the corporation to be necessary to the case but not warranting the expense nor within the practicality of formal discovery. Wright, 691 P.2d at 568. See Mompoint v. Lotus Development Corp., 110 F.R.D. 414, 417-18 (D.Mass. 1986). Another court has noted that this interest becomes more significant in employment discrimination cases where formal discovery of a large number of potential witnesses "may well frustrate the right of an individual plaintiff with limited resources to a fair trial and deter other litigants from pursuing their legal remedies." Frey v. Department of Health and Human Services, 106 F.R.D. 32, 36 (E.D.N.Y. 1985), citing Leubsdorf, Communication with Another Lawyer's Client: The Lawyer's Veto and the Client's Interest, 127 U.Pa.L.Rev. 683 (1979). The competing interest is the corporation's need and desire to protect itself for the already stated reasons behind the rule. In addition, the statements of current employees may be binding admissions upon the corporation if made "concerning a matter within the scope of his agency or employment, ... during the existence of the relationship...." Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(D). See also Mompoint, 110 F.R.D. at 415-16; Massa v. Eaton Corp., 109 F.R.D. 312, 313-14 (W.D.Mich.1985).

In an effort to balance these competing interests, courts have grappled with the question of which corporate employees should be considered "parties." One of the more comprehensive discussions of this question is found in the Wright decision. 691 P.2d at 568-69. After explaining the various positions taken by courts, bar associations and state ethics commissions, the Washington Supreme Court held:

We hold the best interpretation of "party" in litigation involving corporations is only those employees who have the legal authority to "bind" the corporation in a legal evidentiary sense, i.e., those employees who have "speaking authority" for the corporation.

691 P.2d at 569. Other courts have adopted similar interpretations of party, relying on the scope of Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(D). In Amerin Plastics, Inc. v. Maryland Cup Corp., 116 F.R.D. 36, 39-40 (D. Mass. 1987), the court used the following explanation of party found in the comment to Rule 4.2 of the ABA Rules of Professional Responsibility, noting it did not differ significantly from DR 7-104(A)(1):

persons having a managerial responsibility on behalf of the organization, and with any other person whose act or omission in connection with that matter may be imputed to the organization for the purposes of civil or criminal liability or whose statement may constitute an admission on the part of the organization. (Emphasis deleted.)

The United States District Courts in Montana and Michigan also have adopted the comment to Rule 4.2. Porter v. Arco Metals, Div. of Atlantic Richfield, 642 F.Supp. 1116, 1117-18 (D.Mont.1986), Massa v. Eaton Corp., 109 F.R.D. 312, 314 (W.D.Mich. 1985). The official comment to Rule 4.2 essentially outlines those typical circumstances when an employee would have "the legal authority to `bind' the corporation in a legal evidentiary sense." Termed the "managing-speaking" agent test, it was found by the Washington Supreme Court to be consistent with (1) the American Bar Association's most recent approach on the issue as stated in Lawyers' Manual on Professional Conduct (ABA/BNA) 71:314 (1984); (2) the protective purpose of the rule; (3) the flexible policy of keeping the testimony of employee witnesses accessible to both parties. 691 P.2d at 569; see also Frey, 106 F.R.D at 35. Persuaded by the rationale...