Chandler v. United States
Decision Date | 14 October 1955 |
Docket Number | No. 11295-11297.,11295-11297. |
Citation | 226 F.2d 403 |
Parties | Kent CHANDLER, Farwell Winston and Albert D. Farwell, as Trustees of The Capitol Freehold Land Trust, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. The UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee. Kent CHANDLER et al. v. John T. JARECKI, as Collector of Internal Revenue Of The United States of America For The First District of the State of Illinois, Defendant-Appellee. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit |
J. F. Dammann, Clay Judson, Sheldon Lee, Kent Chandler, Jr., Chicago, Ill., Wilson & McIlvaine, Chicago, Ill., of counsel, for plaintiffs-appellants.
H. Brian Holland, Asst. Atty. Gen., Marvin W. Weinstein, U. S. Dept. of Justice, Robert Tieken, U. S. Atty., Donald S. Lowitz, Asst. U. S. Atty., Ellis N. Slack, Hilbert P. Zarky, Grant W. Wiprud, Special Assts. to the Atty. Gen., for appellees.
Before MAJOR, FINNEGAN and LINDLEY, Circuit Judges.
A clear-cut question is before us, arising from lengthy facts, requiring interpretation and application of former § 117, Internal Revenue Code of 1939.1 We must decide if, during the calendar years 1942 to 1950, taxpayers2 sold statutory capital assets. To reach our ultimate disposition of these appeals3 we consider if taxpayer engaged in the real estate business during that period and whether the lands involved constituted property held by taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of trade or business within the ambit of § 117.
Only a distilled version of the facts need be reported since Chandler v. United States, D.C.N.D.Ill. 1954, 121 F.Supp. 722, reflects considerable detailing of the record made below, on a stipulation of certain facts, some documentary evidence and testimony — largely uncontradicted. Capitol Freehold Land Trust succeeded to the title of approximately one million acres of Texas land. In the beginning, 1882 to 1888, the State of Texas conveyed some 3,000,000 acres of land to a British corporation, Capitol's earliest predecessor in title. These transfers were consideration for constructing the Texas State Capitol building at Austin. Another trust, created June 4, 1915, held title to all the remaining portions of the principal tract until December 23, 1933, when Capitol took over its titles.
Activities of these trusts, according to the District Judge's memorandum, 121 F.Supp. 723, were shown as, and by:
The declarations of trust contained these pertinent provisions:
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue taxed as ordinary income, gains realized by taxpayer, on land sales, from 1942 to 1950, inclusive. Having paid the assessed taxes, taxpayer sued for a refund on the theory that these gains should have been taxed as long-term capital gains. The District Judge rejected taxpayer's contentions and entered judgment for defendants in the three cases consolidated for trial. D.C., 121 F.Supp. 722.
Though the District Judge made findings of fact, conclusions of law and filed a memorandum, Rule 52, Fed.Rules Civil Proc., 28 U.S.C.A., we are empowered to overturn his decision since the ultimate finding on which the judgment appealed rests is a conclusion of law, or a mixed one. Fritz v. Jarecki, 7 Cir., 1951, 189 F.2d 445.
Tax law is littered with cases manifesting the constant struggle to capture the preferred treatment accorded capital gains and losses in contrast to ordinary income and loss transactions. Ascertainment of the definitive characteristics of a capital asset in a given factual situation, is one of the more substantial zones of difficulty. See e. g., Surrey and Warren, Federal Income Taxation, 519 (1955); Miller, The "Capital Asset" Concept: A Critique of Capital Gains Taxation, 59 Yale L.J. 837, 1057 (1950). In deceptively simple words § 117 (a) (1) defined capital assets4 as property held by the taxpayer, whether or not used in his trade or business, with the exception of several enumerated statutory exclusions of which this is a pertinent one:5 "* * * property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business * * *"* From its completion of the capitol building, at Austin, until sometime in 1912, taxpayer engaged in the cattle-ranching business6 on a large scale. D.C., 121 F. Supp. 722, stipulation of facts, T.R. 22. That business activity was abandoned upon becoming financially unsuccessful; the live stock was sold — (stipulation, T. R. 23), and it was then decided that the land holdings should be liquidated. Indeed government counsel stated7 during the trial below: We would assume from the continuity of testimony appearing in the record just prior to that concession, that counsel referred to the trust created December 23, 1933. The short of it is under defendants' theory, taxpayer liquidated by embarking its capital on a full-scale real estate business, and we...
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