Chao v. Occupational Safety and Health Review

• Decision Date: 21 February 2007
• Docket Number: No. 05-61089.,No. 05-61087.,05-61087.,05-61089.
• Citation: 480 F.3d 320
• Parties: Elaine CHAO, Secretary, Department of Labor, Petitioner, v. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION; Saw Pipes USA, Inc., Respondents. Elaine Chao, Secretary, Department of Labor, Petitioner, v. Jindal United Steel Corp.; Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, Respondents.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

480 F.3d 320

Elaine CHAO, Secretary, Department of Labor, Petitioner, v. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION; Saw Pipes USA, Inc., Respondents.

Elaine Chao, Secretary, Department of Labor, Petitioner, v. Jindal United Steel Corp.; Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, Respondents.

No. 05-61087.

No. 05-61089.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

February 21, 2007.

Gary K. Stearman (argued), Charles Franklin James, Michael P. Doyle, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Washington, DC, for Chao.

Ray H. Darling, Executive Sec., OSHA, Washington, DC, for OSHR Com'n.

Thomas Howard Wilson (argued), Sean Michael Becker, Vinson & Elkins, Houston, TX, for Saw Pipes USA, Inc.

Petition for Review from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission.

Before GARZA, DeMOSS and OWEN, Circuit Judges.

EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

This case asks us to address the scope of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission's ("the Commission") authority to group, for penalty assessment, violations which were charged and proven on a per-instance basis. The statutory framework grants the Commission the authority to assess penalties, but the framework also requires that the Commission assess a penalty between $5,000 and $70,000 for each willful violation. See 29 U.S.C. § 666(a) and (j). In this case, the administrative law judge ("ALJ") found numerous willful violations, but grouped the willful violations, so as to treat each company as if it had only committed a single willful violation. Jindal and Saw Pipes argue that the grouping of these violations is consistent with the Commission's authority to assess penalties, while the Secretary of Labor ("the Secretary") argues that grouping these offenses violates the statutorily required minimum penalty for each offense. We agree with the Secretary and remand for reassessment of the penalty.

I

The facts of this case are not contested. Jindal and Saw Pipes ("the respondents") are related companies sharing space at the same facility. The ALJ found that, over the course of 1998 to 2000, Jindal committed 82 willful violations and Saw Pipes committed 59 willful violations of the recordkeeping regulation, 29 C.F.R. § 1904.2(a),¹ by intentionally and knowingly failing to record certain work-related accidents or illnesses. In this court, the respondents did not file a cross-appeal challenging that ALJ's determination that each of these violations occurred or that each of these violations was willful.

In the Secretary's enforcement capacity, she can, through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, investigate and cite violations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act ("OSH Act") and propose penalties for those violations. The Commission and the ALJ determine whether the facts support the citations and assess a penalty. In this case, the Secretary chose not to group the respondents' violations of the recordkeeping regulation and did not propose a single penalty for grouped offenses. Rather, she cited each individual recordkeeping violation and sought a penalty of $9,000 per willful violation for Jindal and $8,000 per willful violation for Saw Pipes. The respondents contested the proposed penalty; the ALJ responded by treating the respondents as if they had each only committed one willful violation and assessed a penalty of $70,000 for each. The Secretary appealed the ALJ's penalty assessment to the Commission. The two commissioners who heard the case on appeal did not reach an agreement on the propriety of the ALJ's grouping decision. Because all official action of the Commission requires an affirmative vote of two members, 29 U.S.C. § 661(f), the commissioners vacated the direction for review, therefore allowing this court to directly review the decision of the ALJ. 29 U.S.C. §§ 660(b) and 661(j); W.G. Yates & Sons Constr. Co. v. OSHRC, 459 F.3d 604, 606 (5th Cir.2006) ("Because the Review Commission declined discretionary review of [respondent]'s citation, we treat the decision of the ALJ as a final order of the Commission.").

II

The ALJ's findings of fact and reasonable inferences drawn from those facts are reviewed for "substantial evidence." MICA Corp. v. OSHRC, 295 F.3d 447, 449 (5th Cir.2002). The ALJ's "legal conclusions can only be set aside if they are arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or not in accordance with law." 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see also Chao v. OSHRC, 401 F.3d 355, 367 (5th Cir.2005); Corbesco, Inc. v. Dole, 926 F.2d 422, 425 (5th Cir.1991).²

As an initial matter we note that not all violations of the OSH Act are susceptible to per-instance citations, but the Commission has clearly held that recordkeeping violations can be cited on a per-instance basis, and that issue is not now before us. Caterpillar, Inc., 15 O.S.H. Cas. (BNA) 2153, 1993 WL 44416, *22 ("[S]ection 1904.2(a)'s requirement to `enter each recordable injury' can reasonably be read to involve as many violations as there were failures to record, particularly when the injuries took place over a period of time and involved different employees and different types of injury and treatment."); see also Kaspar Wire Works, Inc. v. Sec'y of Labor, 268 F.3d 1123, 1132 (D.C.Cir.2001) (discussing the propriety of per-instance citations for recordkeeping violations). Although multiple recordkeeping violations may stem from a single company policy, each failure to record may represent a separate and distinct violation from each other failure to record. In this case, the ALJ affirmed that Jindal and Saw Pipes respectively committed 82 and 59 willful recordkeeping violations.

The statute covering willful violations, 29 U.S.C. § 666(a), states that employers who commit willful violations of the Act "may be assessed a civil penalty of not more than $70,000 for each violation, but not less than $5,000 for each willful violation." Id. (emphasis added). This language would seem to indicate that where the Secretary has charged and the Commission has found multiple willful violations, the Commission must assess a penalty between $5,000 and $70,000 for each violation. The respondents contend that this reading of the statute is incorrect and that the Commission's authority to assess penalties is not so inflexible.

To support this position, the respondents argue that the Commission's authority to assess penalties entails an authority to group, where appropriate, multiple willful violations so as to treat the multiple willful violations as one willful violation. The appropriateness standard upon which the respondents rely stems from 29 U.S.C. § 666(j), which states,

The Commission shall have authority to assess all civil penalties provided in this section, giving due consideration to the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to the size of the business of the employer being charged, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and the history of previous violations.

Id. In this case, after considering size, gravity, good faith, and history, the ALJ determined that an appropriate penalty for each respondent was a single penalty of $70,000 for all willful violations and stated, "To effectuate the penalty, all willful items are grouped under one willful violation and assessed the maximum penalty of $70,000." Jindal United Steel Corp., 2001 O.S.H.D. (CCH) P32528, 2002 WL 221131, *30; see also Saw Pipes, 2005 WL 2697262, *18 ("Taking these factors into account, I find that a more appropriate penalty would be reached by grouping all recordkeeping instances into a single violation with a single penalty.").

By arguing that the ALJ's appropriateness determination may be used to modify the number of violations, the respondents misunderstand the relationship between § 666(a) and § 666(j) and the function of a mandatory minimum. The ALJ should not apply the appropriateness factors of § 666(j) first, and then manipulate the number of violations so that the penalty range fits his appropriateness determination. Rather, the ALJ should determine the penalty range based on the number of violations separately charged and proven and then assess an appropriate penalty from within that range.³ This is consistent with the statutory structure. The Commission's authority to assess penalties is limited to the penalties "provided in this section." 29 U.S.C. § 666(j). For willful violations, the penalties provided in § 666 require that each willful violation be assessed a penalty within the range of $5,000 to $70,000. 29 U.S.C. § 666(a). Congress has set these as the boundaries for the Commission's application of the § 666(j) appropriateness factors; to the extent that the Commission disagrees with Congress's judgment as to what penalty is appropriate for any given willful violation, the Commission must yield to Congress.

This reading of the statutory language is underscored by the history of the statute. When the OSH Act was implemented initially in 1970, there was no mandatory minimum for willful violations and the maximum penalty was $10,000. OSH Act § 17(a), 84 Stat. 1606, 1607 (1970). The Commission was free to apply the appropriateness standard of § 666(j) without concern for violating any sort of statutory floor to the penalty assessment. But Congress added the $5,000 mandatory minimum in 1990, at the same time Congress increased the maximum penalty from $10,000 to $70,000. Pub.L. 101-508 § 3101(1), 104 Stat. 1388-29 (1990). The clear intent of Congress was to constrain the Commission's discretion in assessing minimum penalties for willful violations and to increase the amount of the penalties. Allowing the Commission to treat multiple willful violations as a single willful violation runs contrary to this intent.

Further, the respondents discuss at length that the Commission is not bound by the Secretary's penalty proposals. Without question, this is correct. Chao v. OSHRC, 401 F.3d 355, 376 (5th Cir.2005) ("The Commission has the exclusive authority to...