Charles E. Beard, Inc. v. McDonnell Douglas Corp.

• Decision Date: 20 August 1991
• Docket Number: No. 90-4331,90-4331
• Citation: 939 F.2d 280
• Parties: CHARLES E. BEARD, INC., d/b/a Security Microfilm Co., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. McDONNELL DOUGLAS CORP., Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 280

939 F.2d 280

CHARLES E. BEARD, INC., d/b/a Security Microfilm Co. Plaintiff-Appellant, v. McDONNELL DOUGLAS CORP., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 90-4331.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

Aug. 20, 1991.

Rehearing Denied Sept. 17, 1991.

Denise Hubbard, Jon B. Burmeister, Moore, Landrey, Garth & Jones, Beaumont, Tex., for plaintiff-appellant.

Andrea M. Johnson, Gerald T. Holtzman, Tom Bayko, Holtzman & Urquhart, Houston, Tex., for defendant-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas.

Before JONES and DUHE, Circuit Judges, and WALTER, ¹ District Judge.

DUHE, Circuit Judge.

In this diversity action, Charles E. Beard, a distributor of micrographics equipment, sued McDonnell Douglas for deceptive trade practices, breach of contract, and negligence. At the close of the evidence in a jury trial, the district court directed a verdict for McDonnell Douglas. We affirm.

FACTS

In December 1985 Beard entered into a distributorship agreement with Cameronics, an Australian company. Under the agreement, Beard bought a $50,000 specialized micrographics camera from Cameronics. But the relationship between Beard and Cameronics soon disintegrated. Beard accused Cameronics of failing to provide what he considered a necessary accoutrement to the camera--an automatic processing unit, or autoprocessor. Cameronics accused Beard of failing to make sufficient efforts to sell the camera.

In 1987 Beard sued Cameronics and McDonnell Douglas. During the early stages of litigation, Cameronics filed for receivership in Australia. Beard settled with that defendant but proceeded in the suit against McDonnell Douglas.

The central focus of the trial was the role of McDonnell Douglas in the contract negotiations between Beard and Cameronics. McDonnell Douglas had an informal trade agreement with the Australian government: Australia would buy defense products from McDonnell Douglas in exchange for the company's promise to provide unspecified marketing assistance to Australian companies such as Cameronics. The purpose of this assistance was to balance or offset trade between the two countries.

A McDonnell Douglas employee named Greg Smith called Beard to discuss the camera and introduced Beard to representatives of Cameronics. The record reveals that before Beard agreed to the distributorship, Smith offered to provide customer leads and to help solve any problems that arose with the camera. Beard alleges in his brief that in connection with the sale of the camera, Smith also agreed to provide the autoprocessor if Cameronics did not. The record, however, does not support this assertion. Beard claims that he relied on these representations in buying the $50,000 camera, in converting his business, and in retraining his staff.

Beard sued McDonnell Douglas for violation of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA), ² breach of contract, and negligence. At the close of the evidence, the court directed a verdict for McDonnell Douglas on all three of these claims.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

We review de novo the district court's award of a directed verdict for McDonnell Douglas. See Lloyd v. John Deere Co., 922 F.2d 1192, 1194 (5th Cir.1991); Melton v. Deere & Co., 887 F.2d 1241, 1244 (5th Cir.1989). In ruling on a motion for directed verdict, a court must examine the entire record in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion, drawing all inferences in favor of that party. See Treadaway v. Societe Anonyme Louis-Dreyfus, 894 F.2d 161, 164 (5th Cir.1990); Love v. King, 784 F.2d 708, 710 (5th Cir.1986); Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411 F.2d 365, 374 (5th Cir.1969) (en banc).

A directed verdict is appropriate if the facts and inferences point so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of the moving party that no reasonable jury could arrive at a contrary conclusion. See Treadaway, 894 F.2d at 164; Love, 784 F.2d at 710; Shipman, 411 F.2d at 374. A mere scintilla of evidence is insufficient to present a question for the jury. See Love, 784 at 710; Shipman, 411 F.2d at 374-75.

DTPA Claim

The district court held that Beard's failure to provide the required notice under the Texas DTPA was fatal to the lawsuit. Despite this ruling on notice, the district court also held on the merits that "the DTPA does not attach derivative liability to a defendant based on an innocent involvement in a business transaction." Charles E. Beard, Inc. v. Cameronics Technology Corp., 729 F.Supp. 528, 532 (E.D.Tex.1989).

Finally, the district court explained that it had directed a verdict for McDonnell Douglas on the DTPA claim because Beard had failed to produce evidence that any action by the company was a producing cause of his damages. See id. To be entitled to reversal of the directed verdict on the DTPA claim, Beard must prove that the court erred in all three of these rulings.

We conclude that regardless of the first two reasons, the third reason given by the district court adequately supports the directed verdict. The court explained that Beard "presented no evidence that defendant was a producing cause of any of plaintiff's alleged damages." Cameronics Technology Corp., 729 F.Supp. at 532. After carefully reviewing the record, we agree that Beard failed to produce enough evidence on this essential element of causation to avoid a directed verdict on his DTPA claim.

Beard did testify that he would not have bought the camera except for the representations that McDonnell Douglas would solve any problems that arose with the camera. But this broad self-serving declaration is a mere scintilla compared to Beard's sweeping admissions on cross-examination that before the contract was signed, McDonnell Douglas did not participate in the negotiations, did not guarantee the performance of Cameronics, did not promise to provide an automatic processor, and did not guarantee any sales.

At most, McDonnell Douglas employees gave Beard vague assurances that if anything went wrong, the company would help. If Beard relied on these statements to protect himself from loss in the transaction with Cameronics, then his reliance was, as a matter of law, unreasonable. As a sophisticated businessman, Beard must have known that without a written contract, promise, or guarantee, McDonnell Douglas could not later be held liable for damages caused by Cameronics.

Because we conclude that a directed verdict was necessary based on Beard's lack of evidence on causation, we need not consider the district court's two alternative grounds for directing a verdict on the DTPA claim. See South Texas Nat. Bank of Laredo v. United States Fire Ins. Co., 640 F.Supp. 278, 279-81 (S.D.Tex.1985).

Contract Claim

The district court directed a verdict on the contract claim for three reasons. First, "[t]he claimed promises and assurances made by the defendant to the plaintiff, if any, were made after Beard entered into the exclusive Cameronics distributorship agreement." Cameronics Technology Corp., 729 F.Supp. at 530. Second, the contract, as an oral promise to answer for the default of another, was unenforceable under the statute of frauds. Finally, Beard produced no evidence that McDonnell Douglas employees were acting with the express or implied authority of the company.

Viewing the record in the light most favorable to Beard, we agree that the record reveals no specific promises or assurances made by McDonnell Douglas before Beard entered into the distributorship agreement in December 1985. As we discussed in relation to the DTPA claim, the record shows that McDonnell Douglas did not participate in the negotiations, did not guarantee the performance of Cameronics, did not promise to provide an automatic processor, and did not guarantee any sales.

At most, the record supports the inference that McDonnell Douglas employees offered to help facilitate communications between the companies and to help solve any problems that arose. These offers are simply not specific enough to form the basis for a breach-of-contract claim. See Bank of El Paso v. T.O. Stanley Boot Co., 809 S.W.2d 279 (Tex.Ct.App.1991); Wiley v. Bertelsen, 770 S.W.2d 878, 882 (Tex.Ct.App.1989). Even viewed in the light most favorable to Beard, the record lacks evidence that an enforceable contract existed between Beard and McDonnell Douglas. We find it unnecessary, therefore, to consider the other two grounds for the district court's decision to direct a verdict for McDonnell Douglas on the contract claim.

Negligence Claim

The district court directed a verdict for McDonnell Douglas on the negligence claim because Beard failed to produce evidence that McDonnell Douglas owed any duty to Beard. Cameronics Technology Corp., 729 F.Supp. at 533. Whether the defendant owes a duty to the plaintiff is a threshold question in any negligence action. El Chico Corp. v. Poole, 732 S.W.2d 306, 311 (Tex.1987); Diversified, Inc. v. Gibraltar Savs. Ass'n, 762 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tex.Ct.App.1988).

Beard argues that once McDonnell Douglas voluntarily acted to assist Beard, the company had a duty to use reasonable care to ensure that no damages would result from its actions. Beard's theory of recovery is based on the rule that "one who voluntarily undertakes an affirmative course of action for the benefit of another has a duty to exercise reasonable care that the other's person or property will not be injured thereby." Colonial Sav. Ass'n v. Taylor, 544 S.W.2d 116, 119 (Tex.1976); see Osuna v. Southern Pac. R.R., 641 S.W.2d 229, 230 (Tex.1982); Diaz v. Southwest Wheel, Inc., 736 S.W.2d 770, 772-73 (Tex.Ct.App.1987).

The Restatement (Second) of Torts...