Chaunt v. United States, 22

Citation5 L.Ed.2d 120,81 S.Ct. 147,364 U.S. 350
Decision Date14 November 1960
Docket NumberNo. 22,22
PartiesPeter CHAUNT, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES
CourtU.S. Supreme Court

Mr. Joseph Forer, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.

Mr. Maurice A. Roberts, Washington, D.C., for respondent.

Opinion of the Court by Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, announced by Mr. Justice HARLAN.

Petitioner, a native of Hungary, was admitted to citizenship by a decree of the District Court in 1940. Respondent filed a complaint to revoke and set aside that order as authorized by § 340(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 66 Stat. 260, as amended, 68 Stat. 1232, 8 U.S.C. § 1451(a), 8 U.S.C.A. § 1451(a), on the ground that it had been procured 'by concealment of a material fact or by willful misrepresentation.'1 The complaint stated that petitioner had falsely denied membership in the Communist Party and that by virtue of that membership he lacked the requisite attachment to the Constitution, etc., and the intent to renounce foreign allegiance. It also alleged that petitioner had procured his naturalization by concealing and misrepresenting a record of arrests. The District Court cancelled petitioner's naturalization, finding that he had concealed and misrepresented three matters—his arrests, his membership in the Communist Party, and his allegiance. The Court of Appeals affirmed, reaching only the question of the concealment of the arrests. 9 Cir., 270 F.2d 179. The case is here on a writ of certiorari. 362 U.S. 901, 80 S.Ct. 610, 4 L.Ed.2d 554.

One question, on a form petitioner filled out in connection with his petition for naturalization, asked if he had ever been 'arrested or charged with violation of any law of the United States or State or any city ordinance or traffic regulation' and if so to give full particulars. To this question petitioner answered 'no.' There was evidence that when he was questioned under oath by an examiner he gave the same answer. There was also evidence that if his answer has been 'yes,' the investigative unit of the Immgration Service would check with the authorities at the places where the arrests occurred 'to ascertain * * * whether the full facts were stated.'

The District Court found that from 10 to 11 years before petitioner was naturalized he had been arrested three times as follows:

(1) On July 30, 1929, he was arrested for distributing handbills in New Haven, Connecticut, in violation of an ordinance. He pleaded not guilty and was discharged.

(2) On December 21, 1929, he was arrested for violating the park regulations in New Haven, Connecticut, by making 'an oration, harangue, or other public demonstration in New Haven Green, outside of the churches.' Petitioner pleaded not guilty. Disposition of the charge is not clear, the notation on the court record reading 'Found J.S.' which respondent suggests may mean 'Judgment Suspended' after a finding of guilt.

(3) On March 11, 1930, he was again arrested in New Haven and this time charged with 'General Breach of the Peace.' He was found guilty by the City Court and fined $25. He took an appeal and the records show 'nolled April 7, 1930.'

Acquisition of American citizenship is a solemn affair. Full and truthful response to all relevant questions required by the naturalization procedure is, of course, to be exacted, and temporizing with the truth must be vigorously discouraged. Failure to give frank, honest, and unequivocal answers to the court when one seeks naturalization is a serious matter. Complete replies are essential so that the qualifications of the applicant or his lack of them may be ascertained. Suppressed or concealed facts, if known, might in and of themselves justify denial of citizenship. Or disclosure of the true facts might have led to the discovery of other facts which would justify denial of citizenship.

On the other hand, in view of the grave consequences to the citizen, naturalization decrees are not lightly to be set aside the evidence must indeed be 'clear, unequivocal, and convincing' and not leave 'the issue in doubt.' Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U.S. 118, 125, 158, 63 S.Ct. 1333, 1336, 1352, 87 L.Ed. 1796; Baumgartner v. United States, 322 U.S. 665, 670, 64 S.Ct. 1240, 1243, 88 L.Ed. 1525. The issue in these cases is so important to the liberty of the citizen that the weight normally given concurrent findings of two lower courts does not preclude reconsideration here, for we deal with 'judgments lying close to opinion regarding the whole nature of our government and the duties and immunities of citizenship.' Baumgartner v. United States, supra, 322 U.S. 671, 64 S.Ct. 1243, 1244. And see Klapprott v. United States, 335 U.S. 601, 612 and (concurring opinion) 617, 69 S.Ct. 384, 389, 391, 93 L.Ed. 266.

While disclosure of them was properly exacted, the arrests in these cases were not reflections on the character of the man seeking citizenship. The statute in force at the time of his naturalization required that 'he has behaved as a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States' during the previous five years.2 These arrests were made some years prior to the critical five-year period. They did not, moreover, involve moral turpitude within the meaning of the law. Cf. Jordan v. De George, 341 U.S. 223, 71 S.Ct. 703, 95 L.Ed. 886. No fraudulent conduct was charged. They involved distributing handbills, making a speech, and a breach of the peace. In one instance he was discharged, in one instance the prosecution was 'nolled,' and in the other (for making a speech in a park in violation of city regulations) he apparently received a suspended sentence. The totality of the circumstances surrounding the offenses charged makes them of extremely slight consequence. Had they involved moral turpitude or acts directed at the Government, had they involved conduct which even peripherally touched types of activity which might disqualify one from citizenship, a different case would be presented. On this record the nature of these arrests, the crimes charged, and the disposition of the cases do not bring them, inherently, even close to the requirement of 'clear, unequivocal, and convincing' evidence that naturalization was illegally procured within the meaning of § 340(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

It is argued, however, that disclosure of the arrests made in New Haven, Connecticut, in the years 1929 and 1930 would have led to a New Haven investigation at which leads to other evidence—more relevant and material than the arrests—might have been obtained. His residence in New Haven was from February 1929 to November 1930. Since that period was more than five years before his petition for naturalization, the name of his employer at that time was not required by the form prepared by the Service. It is now said, however, that if the arrests had been disclosed and investigated, the Service might well have discovered that petitioner in 1929 was 'a district organizer' of the Communist Party in Connecticut. One witness in this denaturalization proceeding testified that such was the fact. An arrest, though by no means probative of any guilt or wrongdoing, is sufficiently significant as an episode in a man's life that it may often be material at least to further enquiry. We do not minimize the importance of that disclosure. In this case, however, we are asked to base materiality on the tenuous line of investigation that might have led from the arrests to the alleged communistic affiliations, when as a matter of fact petitioner in this same application disclosed that he was an employee and member of the International Workers' Order, which is said to be controlled by the Communist Party. In connection with petitioner's denial of such affiliations, respondent argues that since it was testified that the IWO was an organization controlled and dominated by the Communist Party, it is reasonable to infer that petitioner had those affiliations at the time of the application. But by the same token it would seem that a much less tenuous and speculative nexus with the Communist Party, if it be such, was thereby disclosed and was available for further investigation if it had been deemed appropriate at the time. Cf. United States v. Anastasio, 3 Cir., 226 F.2d 912. It is said that IWO did not become tainted with Communist control until 1941. We read the record differently. If the Government's case is made out, that taint extended back at least as far as 1939. Had that disclosure not been made in the application, failure to report the arrests would have had greater significance. It could then be forcefully argued that failure to disclose the arrests was part and parcel of a project to conceal a Communist Party affiliation. But on this record, the failure to report the three arrests occurring from 10 to 11 years previously is neutral. We do not speculate as to why they were not disclosed. We only conclude that, in the circumstances of this case, the Government has failed to show by 'clear, unequivocal, and convincing' evidence either (1) that facts were suppressed which, if known, would have warranted denial of citizenship or (2) that their disclosure might have been useful in an investigation possibly leading to the discovery of other facts warranting denial of citizenship.

There are issues in the case which we do not reach and which were not passed upon by the Court of Appeals. Accordingly the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded to it so that the other questions raised in the appeal may be considered. It is so ordered.

Judgment reversed and cause remanded.

Mr. Justice CLARK, with whom Mr. Justice WHITTAKER and Mr. Justice STEWART join, dissenting.

Petitioner swore in his application for naturalization that he had never been under arrest when in fact he had been arrested in New Haven, Connecticut, on three separate occasions within...

To continue reading

Request your trial
171 cases
  • Conservatorship of Roulet
    • United States
    • California Supreme Court
    • February 6, 1979
    ... ... As the United States Supreme Court has authoritatively written, "commitment is a ... (Ann.Rep., Supra, table 22, p. 39.) Of the 1,956 total inpatient conservatees in the state hospitals ... 276, 87 S.Ct. 483, 17 L.Ed.2d 362; Chaunt v. United States (1960) 364 U.S. 350, 81 S.Ct. 147, 5 L.Ed.2d 120; ... ...
  • US v. Schiffer
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Pennsylvania
    • September 8, 1993
    ...been known by the examiner, Schiffer would have been denied citizenship.46 As the Supreme Court stated in Chaunt v. United States, 364 U.S. 350, 81 S.Ct. 147, 5 L.Ed.2d 120 (1960): full and truthful response to all relevant questions required by the naturalization procedure is, of course, t......
  • Reid v. Donelan
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — District of Massachusetts
    • July 9, 2019
    ...the mentally ill); Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 286, 87 S.Ct. 483, 17 L.Ed.2d 362 (1966) (deportation); Chaunt v. United States, 364 U.S. 350, 353, 81 S.Ct. 147, 5 L.Ed.2d 120 (1960) (denaturalization), none of these contexts involves considerations of risk of flight. The most comparable co......
  • United States v. LOC. 560, INTERN. BRO. OF TEAMSTERS
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — District of New Jersey
    • March 8, 1984
    ...commitment); Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 285, 87 S.Ct. 483, 487, 17 L.Ed.2d 362 (1966) (deportation); Chaunt v. United States, 364 U.S. 350, 353, 81 S.Ct. 147, 149, 5 L.Ed.2d 120 (1960) (denaturalization); Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U.S. 118, 125, 159, 63 S.Ct. 1333, 1336, 1353, 87......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
6 books & journal articles
  • Lego v. Twomey: the improbable relationship between an obscure Supreme Court decision and wrongful convictions.
    • United States
    • American Criminal Law Review Vol. 47 No. 3, June 2010
    • June 22, 2010
    ...unequivocal, and convincing evidence that the facts alleged as grounds for deportation are true"); see also Chaunt v. United States, 364 U.S. 350, 353 (1960) ("[I]n view of the grave consequences to the citizen, naturalization decrees are not lightly to be set aside--the evidence must indee......
  • CHAPTER 11
    • United States
    • Full Court Press Zalma on Property and Casualty Insurance
    • Invalid date
    ...to mental hospital); Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 385 U.S. 276, 277 (1966) (deportation); Chaunt v. United States, 364 U.S. 350 (1960) (denaturalization). In such cases, “the threatened loss resulting from civil proceedings is comparable to the consequences of a criminal pr......
  • The role of the clear and convincing standard of proof in right to die cases.
    • United States
    • Issues in Law & Medicine Vol. 8 No. 2, September 1992
    • September 22, 1992
    ...U.S. 418, 425 (1979). 18 Id. 19 Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 385 U.S. 276, 285 (1966). 20 Chaunt v. United States, 364 U.S. 350, 353 (1960); Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U.S. 118, 125, 159 21 Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982). 22 Jones v. United States, 463 ......
  • Clear and Convincing Disparagement: an Argument for a Higher Evidentiary Standard for When the T.t.a.b. Considers Cancelling a Well-known, Tenured Trademark
    • United States
    • University of Georgia School of Law Journal of Intellectual Property Law (FC Access) No. 22-2, 2015
    • Invalid date
    ...Addington, 441 U.S. at 424. See, e.g., Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276 (1966) (discussing deportation); Chaunt v. United States, 364 U.S. 350 (1960) (discussing denaturalization). 127. 146 F.3d 983 (D.C. Cir. 1998).128. Cerveceria Centroamerica, S.A. v. Cerveceria India, Inc., 892 F.2d 1021 (Fe......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT