Chavers v. Ohad

• Decision Date: 16 March 1962
• Docket Number: No. 35675,35675
• Citation: 369 P.2d 831,59 Wn.2d 646
• Court: Washington Supreme Court
• Parties: Carl CHAVERS and Edna Chavers, husband and wife, Respondents, v. David OHAD and S. F. Ohad, Appellants.

Page 646

59 Wn.2d 646

369 P.2d 831

Carl CHAVERS and Edna Chavers, husband and wife, Respondents, v. David OHAD and S. F. Ohad, Appellants.

No. 35675.

Supreme Court of Washington, Department 1.

March 16, 1962.

Rehearing Denied May 18, 1962.

Gavin, Robinson & Kendrick, Robert R. Redman, Yakima, for appellants.

Tonkoff, Holst & Hopp, Yakima, for respondents.

WEAVER, Judge.

Plaintiff, the disfavored driver, commenced this action alleging defendant was negligent in (1) driving an automobile at an excessive rate of speed; (2) failing to keep a lookout for other traffic on the highway; and (3) driving at a speed and in a manner that would deceive other users of the highway.

Defendant, whose rights were established by city ordinance, was the favored driver of an automobile involved in an accident at a controlled intersection. He appeals from a judgment entered on the verdict of a jury.

The crux of the appeal is whether there was sufficient evidence of deception to submit the case to the jury under the doctrine popularly known as Rule 4 of the Hadenfeldt case. Martin v. Hadenfeldt, 157 Wash. 563, 289 P. 533 (1930).

In the city of Yakima, 16th Avenue extends from north to south and intersects Nob Hill Boulevard at a right angle. At the time of the accident, traffic at the intersection was controlled by an automatic flashing traffic signal that was red on 16th Avenue and yellow on Nob Hill Boulevard.

Plaintiff was driving north on 16th Avenue, planning to make a left turn to the west onto Nob Hill Boulevard. She stopped before entering the intersection. Defendant was driving east on the Boulevard. Their automobiles collided at the approximate center of the intersection; defendant's car swung to the left and plaintiff's car to the right; they came to rest, side by side, at the northeast curb line of the intersection with the front of each car approximately 27 feet from the point of impact.

Plaintiff testified:

'A. When I approached Nob Hill, I came to a stop and there was a car coming down east on Nob Hill; I let it go by; I looked up and saw another car coming that looked to be about a block away and I looked to my right and back and it still looked far enough; I pulled out into the intersection to make a left turn and just as I got the front end pretty well straight in the intersection, we hit.' (Italics ours.)

The evidence discloses that it is 325 feet from 16th Avenue to 17th Avenue on Nob Hill Boulevard. As to speed, plaintiff testified:

'Q. Did you notice what its speed was or did you estimate its speed at that time?

'A. It looked like city driving--that's the only----'

Plaintiff subsequently testified she considered 'city driving' to be 25 miles per hour.

Plaintiff further testified:

'A. No, I couldn't tell how fast they were going.

'Q. Have you ever made an estimate of the speed at that time?

'A. I said at the time of the impact, from the feel of the impact, that he had to be going at a terrific speed because it was just like an explosion in there.

'Q. Was he going faster or slower or just the same as you had estimated at the time you were stopped and saw him a block away?

'A. That I don't know because I couldn't tell how fast he was going when I first saw him.' (Italics ours.)

Defendant testified that he was 30 to 35 feet west of the west crosswalk of the intersection when he first saw plaintiff's car enter the intersection; he identified his position as being 'in front of the pump island' of a service station on the southwest corner of the intersection; that he was traveling 20 to 25 miles an hour; that he 'swung my wheel to the left, trying to avoid it [plaintiff's car].'

Two disinterested witnesses, who were in an automobile about 130 feet south of plaintiff's car, testified they saw plaintiff stop, then start into the intersection; that they saw defendant's car 'through * * * the pump island;' that defendant was traveling 25 to 30 miles per hour.

The police officer who appeared at the scene of the accident testified that the right rear tire of defendant's car made a 40-foot 'pressure mark' on the pavement as the car veered to its left. The 'pressure mark' started at the western crosswalk of the intersection and extended to the northeast corner of the intersection where defendant's car stopped after the collision.

The rights of the parties at a street or road intersection are governed by municipal ordinance or by statute. The ordinance of the city of Yakima, applicable to the instant case, provides:

'The operator of a vehicle entering upon an arterial highway, road, street, alley, way or driverway, shall come to a complete stop at the entrance of such arterial highway, and having stopped shall look out for and give right of way to any vehicles upon the arterial highway simultaneously approaching a given point within the intersection, whether or not his vehicle first reaches and enters the intersection; * * *.'

The ordinance is substantially the same as RCW 46.60.170, set forth in the margin. ¹ RCW 46.60.230 provides that a driver approaching a flashing red traffic light shall stop '* * * and the right to proceed shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a stop sign.'

If two cars collide within the intersection, they were simultaneously approaching a given point within the intersection so that the favored driver under the statute would have the statutory right of way unless

'4. The driver on the left [the disfavored driver] assumes and meets the burden of producing evidence which will carry to the jury the question of fact as to whether or no the favored driver on the right so wrongfully, negligently, or unlawfully operated his car as would deceive a reasonably prudent driver on the left and warrant him in going forward upon the assumption that he had the right to proceed.' Martin v. Hadenfeldt, 157 Wash. 563, 567, 289 P. 533, 535 (1930). (Italics ours.)

Over the past 31 years since the Hadenfeldt case was decided, this court has cited or discussed it in more than 80 opinions. During this period 36 judges have been members of this court. The present court is cognizant of the fact that some cases were presented to juries, not upon the salutary requirement of Rule 4 but upon the theory that deception becomes a jury question if there is evidence that the favored driver was exceeding the speed limit by as little as two or three miles an hour. This speed may be sufficient to deny the favored driver recovery against the disfavored driver (a question that is not before us), but we do not believe it sufficient to present a jury question under the doctrine of deception. See Watson v. Miller, 159 Wash.Dec. 95, 366 P.2d 190 (1961).

To review all of the cases would serve no useful purpose. It is doubtful that such a review would wind a skein consistent with every decision.

The right-of-way statute is placed in sharp focus by the statement of the late Judge Beals in Delsman v. Bertotti, 200 Wash. 380, 390, 93 P.2d 371, 375 (1939):

'The burden to avoid colliding with a car approaching from his right rests heavily upon the disfavored driver. A clear and unambiguous statute imposes this burden, and the ingrafting of exceptions upon this sound and wholesome rule of the road would tend only to confusion, and lead drivers occupying the disfavored position under the statute to think that they might somehow escape the burden imposed upon them by law, and throw the blame for avoidable accidents upon another. Speed is of much less importance than safety, and under modern traffic conditions, safety to a great extent, depends upon careful and prudent observation both of natural physical conditions and of other vehicles using the highway, as well as of pedestrians. We are in accord with the rules laid down in the Hadenfeldt case, but are not inclined to extend the exception therein provided for.'

A disfavored driver is entitled to have a jury consider whether he has actually been deceived by the alleged speed of the favored driver if the trial judge decides, as a matter of law, that the disfavored driver has met

'* * * the burden of producing evidence [that] * * * the favored driver * * * so wrongfully, negligently, or unlawfully operated his car as would deceive a reasonably prudent driver * * *.' (Italics ours.)

A mere violation of the speed limit is not sufficient, however; the evidence must show that the speed of the favored driver was so excessive that a reasonably prudent driver could have been deceived by it. The trial court must consider whether the evidence discloses that the disfavored driver was merely inattentive to the mandate of the statute or whether he simply took a calculated risk, estimating with a slide-rule eye that he could beat the favored driver through the intersection. In either case, the disfavored driver has not met the burden of proof as a matter of law.

In Sather v. Blodgett, 169 Wash. 25, 26, 27, 13 P.2d 60, 61 (1932), the court said:

'* * * if the Blodgett car had been coming at a speed of not more than twenty-five miles per hour and had entered the intersection at a speed not greater than fifteen miles, he would have had time to clear the intersection before the impact. This is of course but a conclusion, which carries but little weight, and it in no wise takes the place of the exercise of due care to ascertain at what speed the Blodgett car was approaching. * * *

* * *

* * *

'* * * Since appellant produced no evidence to indicate that respondent 'so wrongfully, negligently, or unlawfully operated his car as would deceive a reasonably prudent driver' in his (appellant's) position, there was no question to go to the jury.'

We turn now to evidence of the instant case.

The rule applicable is succinctly stated in Gavin v. Everton, 19 Wash.2d 785, 789, 144 P.2d 735, 738 (1944):

'* * * We have no other rule than that it is a question of law only when it can be said that...