Cherry v. Anthony, Gibbs, Sage

• Decision Date: 21 January 1987
• Docket Number: No. 56652,56652
• Citation: 501 So.2d 416
• Parties: Richard F. CHERRY and Edward L. Cherry, v. ANTHONY, GIBBS, SAGE, a/k/a Underwriter's at Lloyds, London, Lloyds of London.
• Court: Mississippi Supreme Court

Page 416

501 So.2d 416

Richard F. CHERRY and Edward L. Cherry, v. ANTHONY, GIBBS, SAGE, a/k/a Underwriter's at Lloyds, London,

Lloyds of London.

No. 56652.

Supreme Court of Mississippi.

Jan. 21, 1987.

Alfred Lee Felder, McComb, C.R. McRae, Margaret P. Ellis, Pascagoula, for appellants.

K. Hayes Callicutt, Shell, Buford, Bufkin, Callicutt & Perry, Jackson, John C. McLaurin, Sr., McLaurin & McLaurin, Brandon, for appellee.

BEFORE ROY NOBLE LEE, P.J., and ANDERSON and GRIFFIN, JJ.,

ANDERSON, Justice, for the Court:

Both parties appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Rankin County. The Cherry brothers feel aggrieved by that judgment insofar as it denied that they were entitled to be paid the face value of the insurance contract in dispute. Anthony, Gibbs, Sage, Underwriter's at Lloyds of London (hereinafter Lloyds) are cross-appealing as to the trial court's rejection of their plea of res judicata in bar to the Cherry's action.

In 1974 Richard and Edwin Cherry decided to go into the trucking business together. To that end, they bought a new Peterbilt tractor-trailor rig, which they described as "top of the line" for 1974. In 1978, the brothers began to think it expedient to have their truck insured in case it was damaged. They were especially concerned that the rig not be underinsured. Their usual insurance agent did not handle business of this type and recommended that the Cherrys see Jimmy Ray Estes of the Green Insurance Agency. It was determined that only Lloyds of London or Travelers offered the insurance the Cherrys sought, with premiums they could afford to pay. Ultimately, the Cherrys decided to buy a policy from Lloyds of London with a face value of $35,000. The Green agency got the policy through the Haynes Brinkley Co., a general agency company handling risks that would not normally be accepted by standard market insurance companies. The Cherrys alleged that Estes represented to them that Lloyds would pay the face value of the policy if the truck were destroyed. Over the next four years the Cherrys made regular payments on the premiums.

On August 8, 1978, Ed Cherry was driving the truck to Houston, TX when it caught fire on the highway near Union Church, MS and was completely destroyed. The Cherrys notified Estes of the loss; Estes in turn notified Haynes Brinkley, the agent for Lloyds. They dispatched Mr. J.D. Douglas to adjust the claim. Douglas and Haynes Brinkley insisted throughout that the policy was for the actual cash value of the truck, which was assessed by Douglas at $21,500. Later, Douglas learned that before destruction the truck had had an out of frame overhaul, which normally increases the value of the truck from $9,000 to $10,000. The circuit judge incorporated this increase in his judgment for the actual cash value of the truck.

The Cherrys sued, claiming that the policy entitled them to be paid on its face value, regardless of the condition of the truck. Lloyds, on the other hand, has insisted throughout the litigation that the face value was only a ceiling and the coverage was for actual cash value of the truck.

The Cherrys originally filed this action in the Circuit Court of Hinds County. Lloyds demurred on the ground that their liability if any, was limited to the actual cash value. The court sustained the demurrer, giving the plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint within seven days. The Cherrys, however, took no action within the prescribed period, and so the judgment against them became final. The Cherrys then refiled the action in Jackson County, whereupon Lloyds moved for a transfer to Hinds County, the site of the original action. The Jackson County Court, for reasons not apparent from the record, transferred the action to Rankin County. It was the circuit court of that county that rendered the judgment now being appealed.

LAW

CROSS-ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

Since Lloyds knew that the Circuit Court of Hinds County had rendered a take-nothing judgment against the Cherrys, it is not surprising that it pleaded that judgment in bar to the present action. The trial judge denied the motion to dismiss, finding that a certain letter from Lloyds counsel, Hayes Callicutt, constituted a waiver of any res judicata argument on Lloyds behalf. Lloyds now argues that there was no such waiver, and that the Hinds County judgment was res judicata to this action.

The briefs contain detailed discussion of the Callicutt letter. It is, however, not necessary for us to determine its significance, since the argument for res judicata suffers from a flaw much more glaring.

Mississippi follows the general rule that for res judicata to apply, the parties in the two actions must be substantially identical. Dickson v. Western Tar Products Corp., Inc., 277 So.2d 430 (Miss.1973); Pray v. Hewitt, 254 Miss. 20, 179 So.2d 842 (1965). See also Nilsen v. City of Moss Point, 674 F.2d 379, 382 (5th Cir.1982) (applying Mississippi law).

In the present action, the list of co-defendants includes Haynes Brinkley, Inc. In the first action the Cherrys sued Haynes Brinkley as an individual. We cannot agree that there is not a substantial legal difference between the corporate insurance agency and the individual who runs it. Therefore, the parties of the two actions are not the same, and res judicata does not apply.

DIRECT ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I

The disputed insurance contract has several parts, three of which pertain to this appeal. The first is a "Certificate of Insurance" effected with Underwriter's at Lloyds, London." It contains a section setting forth the limits of the insurer's liability and stating that "[t]he limits of the company's liability against each such coverage shall be as stated herein, subject to all terms of this policy having reference thereto." The amount of insurance on the Peterbilt tractor is $35,000.

Attached to this was a second document, marked "Insuring Agreements." It is to this that Lloyds points in order to establish "the terms of this policy having reference thereto." Paragraph 2 of this document contains the following language: "The limit of the Underwriter's liability ... is the amount insured stated in the Schedule or the actual cash value of the vehicle, whichever is the less. " (Emphasis added).

The Cherrys' argument rests on the third document attached to the contract proper, which is denominated a "Stated Amount Coverage Endorsement." It says:

In consideration of the premium of which this policy is issued, the insured warrants that the value of the vehicle is the amount of insurance carried. In the event of loss, the Company may, at its option, pay the stated amount of insurance to the insured, less the deductible amount provided, and such payment shall entitle the Company to all salvage resulting after loss.

The Cherry brothers argue that the endorsement supports them in a reasonable belief that in the event of a total loss, they would receive the "stated amount"--that is, the full face value of the policy--regardless of the actual condition of the vehicle at the time of the loss. Lloyds, on the other hand, insists that the endorsement was merely the insureds' warranty that the goods were worth the amount for which they were to be insured, and that payment was to be for the actual cash value, the figure of $35,000 being merely a ceiling. The trial judge found that there was no ambiguity in the contract, and that Lloyds position was the correct one.

It has long been the law in Mississippi that in construing particular provisions in a contract, a court will look to the document as a whole. Hinds Motor Co. v. Hederman, 201 Miss. 859, 867, 30 So.2d 70, 72 (1947). When this principle is applied to the case at bar, the Cherrys' interpretation collapses. The insuring agreement unequivocally states that the coverage will be limited either to the face value of the policy or to the actual cash value at the time of loss, whichever is less. In other words the face value is to act as a ceiling; it does not irrevocably fix the amount to be awarded. When the endorsement is considered in conjunction with the plain terms of the rest of the contract, it becomes obvious that the insured was merely warranting that the truck was worth the face value of the policy at the time it was bought.

The Cherrys protest that the circumstances surrounding the sale of the policy indicate that they were seeking a policy which would pay off in the full face amount in the event of any loss. Even if this be admitted, it avails them nothing. The most basic principle of contract law is that contracts must be interpreted by objective, not subjective standards. A court must effect "a determination of the meaning of the language used, not the ascertainment of some possible but unexpressed intent of the parties." Hunt v. Triplex Safety Glass Co., 60 F.2d 92, 94 (6th Cir.1932). The mere fact that the parties disagree about the meaning of a provision of a contract does not make the contract ambiguous as a matter of law. Union Planters Leasing v. Woods, 687 F.2d 117, 119 (5th...