Chuway v. Nat. Action Financial Services

• Decision Date: 30 March 2004
• Docket Number: No. 03-2158.,03-2158.
• Citation: 362 F.3d 944
• Parties: Caldean M. CHUWAY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NATIONAL ACTION FINANCIAL SERVICES INC., Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

362 F.3d 944

Caldean M. CHUWAY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.NATIONAL ACTION FINANCIAL SERVICES INC., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 03-2158.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued January 21, 2004.

Decided March 30, 2004.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

David J. Philipps(argued), Gomolinski & Philipps, Hickory Hills, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Stephen R. Swofford, Peter Pederson(argued), Hinshaw & Culbertson, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.

Before FLAUM, Chief Judge, and POSNER and RIPPLE, Circuit Judges.

POSNER, Circuit Judge.

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692 et seq., requires that any dunning letter by a debt collector as defined by the Act state "the amount of the debt" that the debt collector is trying to collect. § 1692g(a)(1);Miller v. McCalla, Raymer, Padrick, Cobb, Nichols & Clark, L.L.C.,214 F.3d 872, 875(7th Cir.2000).The defendant, conceded to be a debt collector, mailed the plaintiff a letter which identifies a creditor (a credit card company) and states that the "balance" is $367.42.The letter adds that the company "has assigned your delinquent account to our agency for collection.Please remit the balance listed above in the return envelope provided.To obtain your most current balance information, please call 1-800-916-9006.Our friendly and experienced representatives will be glad to assist you and answer any questions you may have."The district judge granted summary judgment for the defendant, ruling that the letter stated "the amount of the debt" and therefore did not violate the statute.

Both parties appeal to our decision in Miller, but it is not on point.The dunning letter in that case listed the "unpaid principal balance" of $178,844.65 but added that "this amount does not include accrued but unpaid interest, unpaid late charges, escrow advances or other charges....The amount to reinstate or pay off your loan changes daily.You may call our office for complete reinstatement and payoff figures."Id. at 875.An 800 number was listed.We held that the letter violated the Act because it did not state the amount of the debt owed by the plaintiff, since the debt was not limited to the unpaid principal.See alsoWilkerson v. Bowman,200 F.R.D. 605, 607-08(N.D.Ill.2001).To determine the amount she would have had to call the defendant.Here — the defendant's lawyer stated without contradiction at oral argument — the entire debt that the defendant was hired to collect was the $367.42 listed as the "balance."

So if the letter had stopped after the "Please remit" sentence, the defendant would be in the clear.But the letter didn't stop there.It went on to instruct the recipient on how to obtain "your most current balance information."If this means that the defendant was dunning her for something more than $367.42, it's in trouble because the "something more" is not quantified.Actually, as we said, the defendant hadn't been hired to collect the current balance of the plaintiff's credit card debt, insofar as that current balance exceeded $367.42.The credit card company, which is to say the creditor, not the debt collector, may charge the plaintiff interest on the $367.42 between when that debt accrued and when the plaintiff finally pays and may add the interest accruing in the interim to the plaintiff's current balance.But that would not be a part of "the amount of the debt" for which the defendant was dunning her, and hence it would not precipitate a violation by the defendant.It would be as if between when the $367.42 debt was turned over to the defendant for collection and when the plaintiff received the dunning letter, the plaintiff had defaulted on a separate debt that she owed the credit card company.The fact that the defendant didn't add that to the debt for which it had been retained to dun the plaintiff would not result in a violation of the statute.Quite the contrary, for a debt collector has no authority to collect debts that it has not been authorized by a creditor to collect; nor was the defendant trying to do that.This is not a multiple-debt case.CompareGraziano v. Harrison,763 F.Supp. 1269, 1276(D.N.J.)affirmed in part, reversed in part on other grounds, 950 F.2d 107(3d Cir.1991), withJoseph v. J.J. MacIntyre Cos., L.L.C.,238 F.Supp.2d 1158, 1167-69(N.D.Cal.2002).

But suppose the plaintiff was confused and thought the reference to the "current balance" meant that the defendant was trying to collect an additional debt, only not telling her how large an additional debt and thus violating the statute.Her affidavit states that she didn't know whether the defendant wanted just $367.42 or some unknown greater amount that she could discover only by calling the 800 number.Suppose she had called and discovered that her current balance was $567.42.She wouldn't know whether to mail $367.42 to the defendant or $567.42, without making a further inquiry.She might pay the larger amount thinking she would be sued otherwise, even though the extra $200 might not yet be due, let alone overdue.

It is not enough that the dunning letter state the amount of the debt that is due.It must state it clearly enough that the recipient is likely to understand it.Bartlett v. Heibl,128 F.3d 497, 500-01(7th Cir.1997);Avila v. Rubin,84 F.3d 222, 226(7th Cir.1996);Terran v. Kaplan,109 F.3d 1428, 1431-32(9th Cir.1997);Miller v. Payco-General American Credits, Inc.,943 F.2d 482, 483-84(4th Cir.1991).Otherwise the collection agency could write the letter in Hittite and have a secure defense.The defendant concedes the principle but insists that to withstand summary judgment the plaintiff must always submit a survey or some other form of systematic empirical evidence demonstrating the propensity of the letter to confuse.There is no basis for so flat a rule.Avila v. Rubin, supra,84 F.3d at 226-27.If it is apparent just from reading the letter that it is unclear, as in id. at 227;Bartlett v. Heibl, supra,128 F.3d at 501;andChauncey v. JDR Recovery Corp.,118 F.3d 516, 519(7th Cir.1997), and the plaintiff testifies credibly that she was indeed confused and that, unlike the plaintiff in Pettit v. Retrieval Masters Creditors Bureau, Inc.,211 F.3d 1057, 1061-62(7th Cir.2000), she is representative of the type of people who received that or a similar letter, no further evidence is necessary to create a triable issue.

But if it is unclear whether the letter would confuse intended recipients of it, then to make out a prima facie case the plaintiff has to go further and present evidence (beyond her own say-so) of confusion, for example in the form of a carefully designed and conducted consumer survey.Id. at 1060-62;Walker v. National Recovery, Inc.,200 F.3d 500, 502, 504(7th Cir.1999);Johnson v. Revenue Management Corp.,169 F.3d 1057, 1059-61(7th Cir.1999).No survey was conducted here, but the entire bench was confused about the meaning of the letter until the defendant's lawyer explained it to us at the oral argument, and our confusion, coupled with the plaintiff's affidavit in which she plausibly attested that she had been confused by the letter, is enough to satisfy her burden of proof.For there is no reason to suppose her unrepresentative of the credit...