Ciccarone v. United States

• Decision Date: 18 October 1973
• Docket Number: No. 72-2043.,72-2043.
• Parties: Frank R. CICCARONE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

486 F.2d 253 (1973)

Frank R. CICCARONE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 72-2043.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Argued September 11, 1973.

Decided October 18, 1973.

As Amended November 19, 1973.

N. Carl Schwartz, Merion, Pa., for plaintiff-appellant.

Robert E. J. Curran, U. S. Atty., James C. Sommar, Asst. U. S. Atty, Philadelphia, Pa., for defendant-appellee.

Before McLAUGHLIN, VAN DUSEN and ROSENN, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

GERALD McLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from a judgment of the district court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania denying plaintiff's claim for relief under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2401(b) and 2671-2680 for alleged medical malpractice on the part of certain physicians employed by the United States of America at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Coatesville, Pennsylvania (V. A. Hospital). The facts which are pertinent to this appeal are as follows.

In September of 1945, plaintiff-appellant (appellant) was on active duty with the United States Army. On one occasion during this time while appellant was travelling in an army jeep, an accident occurred and he was thrown from the vehicle. Shortly thereafter, he developed a case of acute meningitis which resulted in his hospitalization until December 8, 1945. In 1956, 1961 and 1962 he was confined as an inpatient for approximately thirty days in non-governmental hospitals for recurrent bacterial meningitis. On May 8, 1963, he was admitted to the above mentioned V. A. Hospital for observation and evaluation. The purpose of that hospital stay was to determine possible causes of the recurrence of meningitis and to develop a course of treatment which might have prevented such recurrences.

Following appellant's temporary discharge from the V. A. Hospital on June 28, 1963, a V. A. Hospital staff neurologist prepared an elaborate and detailed written plan which purported to ascertain the causes of the meningitis attacks. In view of the fact that appellant had suffered numerous attacks of sinusitis, the neurologist deemed it essential to explore the possibility that bacteria was being transmitted from the sinuses to the area where meningitis is found by way of a cerebro-spinal fluid leak. In order to make such a determination, the neurologist's plan suggested a three-phase diagnostic procedure: (1) the appellant's nose was to be packed with surgical gauze; (2) a methylene blue dye was to be injected into his spinal column; and (3) if the blue dye were subsequently to appear on the gauze, it would have indicated the existence of a passage through which bacteria was entering the spinal column and corrective surgery would then be used in order to block the passage. The plan was submitted to and approved by the V. A. Hospital's Chief of Staff.

On July 14, 1963, the proposed plan of treatment was explained to appellant and his wife and they consented to have the procedure performed although they did not execute any formal written authorization. On the morning of July 16, 1963, the diagnostic procedure was carried out in accordance with the approved plan. Appellant rested on the operating table for a short period of time following the completion of the procedure. He then was helped off the operating table, stepped on to the floor, reached for his shoes, fell and struck the bridge of his nose on the floor causing bleeding and a mild fracture of the left nasal bone. At approximately 4:00 P.M. on July 16, 1963, appellant complained of a back pain at the site of the injection of the methylene blue dye and numbness of his legs. He also stated that he was unable to walk because of the severity of the pain. The next day, appellant was unable to walk or stand. He had a feeling of "heaviness" and a burning sensation throughout the lower portions of his body. His lower extremities were flaccid and he could not raise either foot. His condition persisted until September 15, 1963 at which time some improvement was noticed. Thereafter, on November 1, 1963, he was discharged from the V. A. Hospital and he was advised to continue physical therapy at home.

Following appellant's discharge from the V. A. Hospital on November 1, 1963, he sporadically visited its outpatient department for treatment. Between November 1, 1963 and July 8, 1965, he also consulted several government and non-government physicians concerning his condition. On July 7, 1965, appellant informed the V. A. Hospital neurologist then assigned to his case that he was dissatisfied with the methylene blue dye procedure performed on him and that the procedure had caused a drastic change in his physical condition. Although the neurologist assured appellant that the methylene blue dye method was an accepted diagnostic procedure which had been performed for many years, the neurologist never claimed that appellant would recover completely.

On September 29, 1967, appellant filed suit. A nonjury trial was held to determine the issue of liability. The trial court held, inter alia, that (1) the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2401(b) which provides for a two year period of limitations barred appellant's claim for relief because of his failure to institute his cause of action within the statutory period and that any circumstances which occurred after July 16, 1963 were plainly insufficient to justify the tolling of the statute of limitations; and (2) there was no malpractice or negligence on the part of the United States acting through its agents, servants and employees at the V. A. Hospital.

The threshold question presented for review by this court is whether the limitation of actions provision of the Federal Tort Claims Act barred recovery for alleged medical malpractice by the agents, servants or employees of the United States at the V. A. Hospital. Section 2401(b) of the Federal Tort Claims Act provides that "a tort claim against the United States shall be forever barred unless it is presented to the appropriate Federal agency within two years after such claim accrues * * *." The allegedly negligent act of the United States occurred on July 16, 1963 when methylene blue dye was injected into appellant's spinal column. His suit was commenced on September 29, 1967, more than four years after the date of his alleged injury.

In a cause of action founded on alleged medical malpractice, it is incumbent on the trier of fact to determine the point in time when the "claim accrues". In making such a determination, principles of federal law, not state law, are to be applied. Mendiola v. United States, 401 F.2d 695 (5th Cir. 1968); Kossick v. United States, 330 F. 2d 933 (2d Cir. 1964); Hungerford v. United States, 307 F.2d 99 (9th Cir. 1962). The two year statute of limitations begins to run when a trauma coincides with the negligent act and some damage is discernible at the time, even though the ultimate damage is unknown or unpredictable. Beech v. United States, 345 F.2d 872 (5th Cir. 1965); Keleket X-ray Corporation v. United States, 107 U.S.App.D.C. 138, 275 F.2d 167 (1960); Tinkoff v. United States, 211 F.2d 890 (7th Cir. 1954). Damages are discernible when the claimant discovers, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered, the acts constituting the alleged malpractice. Quinton v. United States, 304 F.2d 234, 236 (5th Cir. 1962).

However, there are instances where the statute will be tolled. For example, in Urie...