City of St. Albans v. Northwest Regional Planning Com'n, 97-268

• Decision Date: 13 March 1998
• Docket Number: No. 97-268,97-268
• Citation: 167 Vt. 466,708 A.2d 194
• Parties: CITY OF ST. ALBANS v. NORTHWEST REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION.
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court

Page 194

708 A.2d 194

167 Vt. 466

CITY OF ST. ALBANS v. NORTHWEST REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION.

No. 97-268.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

March 13, 1998.

Robert E. Farrar, St. Albans, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Paul S. Gillies of Tarrant, Marks & Gillies, Montpelier, for Defendant-Appellee.

Before AMESTOY, C.J., and DOOLEY, MORSE, JOHNSON and SKOGLUND, JJ.

SKOGLUND, Justice.

Plaintiff City of St. Albans appeals from a Franklin Superior Court order granting defendant Northwest Regional Planning Commission's (NWRPC) motion for summary judgment. City of St. Albans contends the court erred in concluding that the method of selecting NWRPC's commissioners does not violate the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution and its "one person, one vote" principle. We affirm.

NWRPC was created to serve the 24 towns, villages, and city (St. Albans) of Grand Isle and Franklin counties. See 24 V.S.A. § 4341(a) ("A regional planning commission may be created ... by the act of the voters or the legislative body of each of a number of contiguous municipalities...."). While a regional planning commission (RPC) is required to "contain at least one representative appointed from each member municipality," id. § 4342, individual RPCs may have more than one representative per member municipality if its charter and bylaw so permit. See id. § 4343. NWRPC's bylaws provide that each municipality, regardless of its population, must appoint two commissioners to represent it and each commissioner has one vote. Thus, there are forty-eight NWRPC commissioners. In addition, NWRPC's bylaws provide that each member municipality will be assessed a share of NWRPC's expenses based upon the member municipality's population compared to the total population of NWRPC.

The general purpose of an RPC is to "encourage the appropriate development of all lands." Id. § 4302(a). "Appropriate development" requires RPCs to consider the impact development has on a long list of delineated subject areas, including public health and safety, the general welfare, taxes, traffic, arts, architecture, and the environment. See id. § 4302(a). Sections 4302(b) and (c) require an RPC to "engage in a continuing planning process" to further a number of specific goals, including developing "a coordinated, comprehensive planning process and policy framework to guide decisions by municipalities, [RPCs], and state agencies." St. Albans (hereinafter "City") is the largest member municipality in NWRPC. ¹ Because each member municipality of NWRPC is represented by two votes regardless of that member municipality's population and because the expenses of NWRPC are shared on a per-capita basis, the City sought a declaratory judgment in Franklin Superior Court, pursuant to 12 V.S.A. § 4711. The City claimed that the current NWRPC commissioner-selection scheme violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ² because NWRPC fails to provide apportionment on a "one person, one vote" basis and, thereby, denies the residents of the City equal protection under the law. Both the City and the NWRPC subsequently filed motions for summary judgment claiming that there was no genuine issue of material fact--the City claiming that NWRPC's apportionment scheme violated the equal protection clause and NWRPC claiming that the equal protection clause was inapplicable to NWRPC's apportionment scheme. The court, concluding that the equal protection clause did not apply to NWRPC's apportionment scheme because NWRPC commissioners are appointed officials and NWRPC has a special and limited purpose, granted NWRPC's motion for summary judgment. This appeal followed.

In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we apply the same standard as the trial court. See Madden v. Omega Optical, Inc., 165 Vt. 306, 309, 683 A.2d 386, 389 (1996). Thus, summary judgment will be granted if there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Wesco Inc. v. Hay-Now, Inc., 159 Vt. 23, 26, 613 A.2d 207, 209 (1992). When both parties move for summary judgment, "both parties are entitled to the benefit of all reasonable doubts and inferences when the opposing party's motion is being judged." Tooley v. Robinson Springs Corp., 163 Vt. 627, 628, 660 A.2d 293, 294 (1995).

It is clear that on a population basis, the City's representative strength in NWRPC is diluted in comparison with those of the other member municipalities--the City's population accounts for 16.2% of the total population of NWRPC member municipalities, but it is represented by only 4.2% of all NWRPC commissioners. The question is whether this dilution violates constitutional standards.

The United States Supreme Court has held that the equal protection clause mandates that seats in state legislatures be apportioned on the basis of population. See Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 84 S.Ct. 1362, 12 L.Ed.2d 506 (1964). Protection afforded by the equal protection clause has also been extended to apportionment schemes of local governmental units. See Gray v. Sanders, 372 U.S. 368, 83 S.Ct. 801, 9 L.Ed.2d 821 (1963). A state or local government, however, may select some government officials by appointment, and where appointment is permissible, the "one person, one vote" doctrine does not apply. See Sailors v. Board of Educ. of County of Kent, 387 U.S. 105, 111, 87 S.Ct. 1549, 1553, 18 L.Ed.2d 650 (1967).

In Sailors, residents of school districts (qualified school electors) elected members to their local school district boards. Each local school board then sent a delegate to a biennial meeting and those delegates elected members to the county board of education from candidates nominated by the qualified school electors. Candidates did not need to be members of the local boards. Each local board could pick only one delegate regardless of the number of people within the local board's district. A group of school electors brought suit claiming that the county board was unconstitutionally constituted. The Court concluded that the county board performed "essentially administrative functions; and while they are important, they are not legislative in the classical sense." Id. at 110, 87 S.Ct. at 1553 (footnote omitted). In addition, the Court concluded that the county board members were "basically" appointed rather than elected. Id. at 109, 87 S.Ct. at 1552-53. Therefore, the Court held that "[s]ince the choice of members of the county school board did not involve an election and since none was required for these nonlegislative offices, the principle of 'one man, one vote' has no relevancy." Id. at 111, 87 S.Ct. at 1553. ³

We next consider whether it is constitutionally permissible to appoint commissioners to NWRPC. In Hadley v. Junior College Dist. of Metro. Kansas City, 397 U.S. 50, 90 S.Ct. 791, 25 L.Ed.2d 45 (1970), the Court was again required to decide whether the "one person, one vote" principle applied to a local governmental unit. Missouri law authorized separate school districts to vote by referendum to create a consolidated junior college district and elect six trustees to manage the affairs of the district. The junior college district was authorized to (1) levy and collect taxes, (2) issue bonds, (3) hire and fire teachers, (4) make contracts, (5) collect fees, and (6) acquire property by condemnation. These trustees were apportioned among the member school districts based on "school enumeration," which was statutorily defined as the number of persons between the ages of six and twenty years, who resided in each district. Under this apportionment scheme, the largest member school district, which contained 60% of the total "school enumeration," was only permitted to select three trustees, or 50% of the total number of trustees.

The largest member school district brought suit claiming that its right to vote for the trustees of the district was unconstitutionally diluted. Deciding that the "legislative-administrative" test as described in Sailors was unmanageable because governmental activities "cannot easily be classified in the neat categories favored by civics texts," id. at 56, 90 S.Ct. at 795, the Court replaced it with the "governmental functions" test ⁴ and concluded that the trustees performed governmental functions. Because the trustees were elected officials and performed governmental functions, the Court found the statutory scheme unconstitutional. See id. ("[A]s a general rule, whenever a state or local government decides to select persons by popular election to perform governmental functions, the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that each qualified voter must be given an equal opportunity to participate in that election...."); see also In re Town of Hartland, 160 Vt. 9, 35, 624 A.2d 323, 338 (1993) ("[E]qual representation applies to local governing bodies in situations where the members of the local body are elected officials, and the body exercises a wide range of local governmental functions."). ⁵

The Hadley Court, however, went on to state that "where a State chooses to select members of an official body by appointment rather than election, and that choice does not itself offend the Constitution, the fact that each official does not 'represent' the same number of people does not deny those people equal protection of the laws." See Hadley, 397 U.S. at 58, 90 S.Ct. at 796. Thus, it is clear that in certain circumstances, governments may authorize appointment of members to governmental bodies without regard to issues of representational equality. See id.; Sailors, 387 U.S. at 111, 87 S.Ct. at 1553 ("At least as respects nonlegislative officers, a State can appoint local officials or elect them or combine the elective and appointive systems as was done here."). The United States Supreme Court, however, has provided no clear guidance to the states to assist them in determining under what circumstances may a state authorize...