Clark v. State, 3--975A205

• Decision Date: 13 January 1977
• Docket Number: No. 3--975A205,3--975A205
• Citation: 171 Ind.App. 658,358 N.E.2d 761
• Parties: Jerome CLARK, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 761

358 N.E.2d 761

171 Ind.App. 658

Jerome CLARK, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.

No. 3--975A205.

Appellate Court of Indiana, Third District.

Jan. 13, 1977.

Rehearing Denied Feb. 16, 1977.

Robert S. Bechert, Fort Wayne, for defendant-appellant.

Theodore L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., Wesley T. Wilson, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for plaintiff-appellee.

HOFFMAN, Judge.

Defendant-appellant Jerome Clark was charged by information with unlawfully possessing a controlled substance, to-wit: heroin. Trial to the court resulted in a finding of guilty, and Clark was sentenced to the custody of the Department of Correction for a determinate period of two years. He subsequently filed a motion to correct errors which was overruled by the trial court, and perfected this appeal.

The sole issue to be decided is whether the trial court erroneously overruled Clark's in-trial motion to suppress the heroin, which was seized from Clark's person during a search incident to arrest.

The evidence in the record before us most favorable to the trial court's ruling on the motion to suppress reveals that on June 26, 1974, Fort Wayne Police Officers Hoover and Gonzales were on routine patrol in downtown Fort Wayne. At approximately 4:00 P.M., the officers received a radio dispatch stating that a security guard at St. Joseph's Hospital had observed 'two suspicious subjects' leaving the hospital premises in a black Cadillac bearing a 1974 Indiana license number 2D 9700; that '(t)hey were black', and that one of them was armed with a handgun concealed in a brown handbag. Approximately five minutes later, the officers observed the above described automobile and occupants traveling north on Harrison Street. The Cadillac stopped in response to the officer's signal, whereupon the officers asked both the driver and appellant to get out of the automobile and place their hands on the trunk. Officer Gonzales then conducted a brief search of the automobile's interior but failed to discover either a brown handbag or a gun. At approximately this time, Officers Armstrong and Pyne arrived at the scene.

The officers asked Clark and his companion to step up under an awning because it had started to rain. Officer Hoover then asked the pair for identification, and simultaneously radioed headquarters to ascertain whether any warrants were outstanding for either subject. The officers at the scene were advised that an arrest warrant was outstanding for Clark as a result of his failure to appear for a court appearance on a traffic violation. Because Clark would have to be taken into custody pursuant to the outstanding arrest warrant, Officer Armstrong thoroughly searched his person and discovered an amber colored vial containing what later proved to be heroin.

Clark contends that the vial and heroin should have been suppressed for two reasons. First, he contends that the initial stop of the vehicle was illegal. He bases this contention on alleged infirmities of the police dispatch, to-wit: 'the complete absence of any physical description of the occupants of the vehicle, and the fact that the information was received from a source whose credibility and reliability were not established, * * *.' Secondly, he contends that if the initial stop were lawful '(t)he intensity and scope of the police officers' action made this detention unreasonable, and, therefore, unlawful under the Fourth Amendment.'

Clark's contention that the initial vehicle stop was illegal is without merit. Upon direct examination Officer Hoover testified that he had a chance to observe two black people in an automobile fitting the description and that this corresponded 'exactly' with the dispatch he had received. Officers Hoover and Gonzales were supplied with the color, make and license number of the vehicle containing two black subjects, one of whom was reported carrying a concealed weapon. Approximately five minutes after receiving the dispatch, the officers observed the described vehicle and detained it for investigation. When the exactness of the vehicle's description is coupled with the timeliness of the officers' observation, the fact that the officers did not have the benefit of an exact physical description of the occupants is inconsequential. See, Luckett v. State (1972), 259 Ind. 174, 284 N.E.2d 738.

Although Clark asserts that the information was received from a source where credibility and reliability were not established, when acting upon information received in a radio dispatch, a police officer is not required to ascertain the feliability and credibility of the initial source of the information. Moreover he must of necessity rely upon the communication system of the police headquarters where, as here, the use of an automobile comples officers to act with greater speed and less hesitancy. Manson, et al. v. State (1967), 249 Ind. 53, 229 N.E.2d 801, cert. denied, 390 U.S. 995, 88 S.Ct. 1198, 20 L.Ed.2d 95. The reasonableness of an investigatory stop based upon information received in a radio dispatch must therefore be measured against the objective standard prescribed in Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, at 21--22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, at 1880, 20 L.Ed.2d 889, where the court stated:

'(W)ould the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or the search 'warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief' that the action taken was appropriate?'

Viewing the actions of the officers in light of the above standard and in the context of the case at bar, we are not persuaded by Clark's argument that the initial stop was illegal.

Unlike the situation in Jackson v. State (1973), 157 Ind.App. 662, 301 N.E.2d 370, where police officers received a 'tip' from an unknown informant and made an arrest in a tavern parking lot, the case at bar involved a reliable police dispatch derived from the report of a hospital security guard that one of two suspicious characters was carrying a concealed weapon which in the absence of a license would constitute not only unusual conduct but an observed crime. The stop herein was imbued with a concern for the speedy investigation of suspects using an automobile on public streets, potentially armed with a deadly weapon. Accordingly we determine that there was ample justification for experienced police officers to exercise a reasonable suspicion in detaining Clark pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, supra. See Williams, et al. v. State (1974), 261 Ind. 547, 307 N.E.2d 457; Collett v. State (1975), Ind.App., 338 N.E.2d 286.

Having decided that the initial stop was lawful, we must determine whether the stop was related in scope to the circumstances which justified it in the first instance. Clark contends that when the police officers failed to find the gun or the brown handbag, their power to detain him ended.

The officers' power to investigate was not extinguished by the fact that Officer Gonzales' cursory examination of the front seat area of the automobile failed to reveal either the gun or the handbag. Where, as here, police action is predicated upon a belief that a subject is unlawfully armed, common sense demands that any potential threat of violence be neutralized before any further investigative action is undertaken. Once the potential threat to the officers in the instant case was neutralized, they were authorized, pursuant to IC 1971, 35--3--1--1 (Burns Code Ed. ¹), to make reasonable inquiries concerning the identification of Clark and his companion. See, Luckett v. State, supra.

Officer Hoover's radio call to headquarters to check on any outstanding warrants was within this reasonable scope of the investigation. Moreover it was upon discovering that a warrant was outstanding for Clark's arrest that he was actually taken into custody. Thus in the context of an arrest based on an outstanding warrant there is no question concerning the unqualified authority of the arresting agent to search the person on the arrestee. See, Sizemore v. State (1974), Ind.App., 308 N.E.2d 400 (transfer denied), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 909, 95 S.Ct. 827, 42 L.Ed.2d 838, quoting from United States v. Robinson (1973), 414 U.S. 218, 94 S.Ct. 467, 38 L.Ed.2d 427. Only after an appropriate search incident to the lawful arrest was the vial of heroin found.

We therefore conclude that the scope of the detention was reasonably related to the precipitating circumstances, and that Clark's motion to suppress was properly overruled.

The judgment of the trial court must be affirmed.

Affirmed.

GARRARD, J., concurs.

STATON, P.J., dissents with opinion.

STATON, Presiding Judge (dissenting).

I dissent from the majority opinion, since it creates a new 'standard' of probable cause for electronic communications. This new 'standard' is no standard at all. Its credentials are limited to its form and mode of transmsission. If accepted, it makes searches easy. If accepted, it makes a meaningful probable cause standard unnecessary. I can not accept it; therefore, I would reverse the trial court's judgment with instructions to grant a new trial and to sustain the motion to suppress.

I. Probable Cause

A security guard from the Saint Joseph Hospital reported that he had observed two suspicious men with a handgun concealed in a brown handbag. This report was electronically transmitted by the dispatcher. After receiving the transmitted report over their police car radio, two police officers observed the car described in the transmission and stopped it. In their search, they found no brown handbag and no handgun. After their search, they asked the occupants of the car for identification and checked for outstanding warrants. One of the occupants, Clark, was arrested on an outstanding bench warrant for a vehicle inspection sticker violation. A search of his person by the police officers revealed the possession of a controlled substance.

The test for determining whether probable cause exists is set forth in Walker v. State (1973), Ind.App., 293...