Cogan, In re

• Decision Date: 31 May 1979
• Citation: 485 Pa. 273,401 A.2d 1142
• Parties: In re Dennis J. COGAN, Contemnor.
• Court: Pennsylvania Supreme Court

Page 1142

401 A.2d 1142

485 Pa. 273

In re Dennis J. COGAN, Contemnor.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued April 27, 1979.

Decided May 31, 1979.

Mark E. Kogan, Norris E. Gelman, Philadelphia, for appellant.

Robert B. Lawler, Chief, Appeals Div., Asst. Dist. Atty., Philadelphia, for appellee.

Before EAGEN, C. J., and O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, NIX, MANDERINO and LARSEN, JJ.

OPINION OF THE COURT

ROBERTS, Justice.

Appellant Dennis J. Cogan, Esq. entered an appearance as defense counsel on behalf of a client charged with murder of the first degree. On December 15, 1976, the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia, Sabo, J., conducted a suppression hearing. Over the course of the hearing, there were several exchanges between counsel and the court. At the end of one exchange appellant was summarily convicted of criminal contempt of court and fined $100. On appeal, we are asked only to review whether the record supports the conviction. We reverse.

I

At the suppression hearing, the defendant disputed that his arrest was based on probable cause. The defendant had been arrested on the basis of statements obtained during the interrogation of another suspect. A police officer was called by the Commonwealth at the suppression hearing to describe the suspect's interrogation. The officer's cross-examination was interrupted by an exchange between appellant and the court. To properly evaluate the consequences of appellant's conduct on the orderly progress of the suppression hearing, we must refer to the relevant portions of the record.

"MS. TEMIN (District Attorney): Objection, your Honor.

MR. COGAN: It goes to credibility, your Honor.

MS. TEMIN: It is argumentative, your Honor.

MR. COGAN: Credibility is . . .

THE COURT: I think he has already testified that he does this as a matter of course. He doesn't tell them everything. He just gives them a few points, so that if there is anything left out later on that he knows about, he can tell whether or not the person that he is interviewing is giving him the whole story or not. Isn't that what you said before?

THE WITNESS: Yes.

THE COURT: I haven't made any determination, but you are asking for something else.

MR. COGAN: All right. If it is your position . . .

THE COURT: I will have to rule on the other thing, and I can't do that right now because I don't even know what it is.

MR. COGAN: If it is your position that the police did not have to have probable cause . . .

THE COURT: I didn't say that. I said if he is implicated by another codefendant, what in the world do you expect him to do but to bring him in for questioning?

MR. COGAN: I am not saying they didn't have the right to do that.

THE COURT: Well, what are you saying?

MR. COGAN: I would say it if you would stop interrupting me, Judge. I have been trying to get it out for the last ten minutes.

THE COURT: Please don't tell me to stop interrupting you. I will hold you in contempt if you say that once more to me. You can make all the argument you wish, but watch your tone as you speak to me. You will remember that I am the judge of this courtroom, and you are merely counsel for the defense. Remember that.

MR. COGAN: I am not unmindful of that, sir.

THE COURT: Well, I think you are. I am trying to understand you, so I can make an intelligent decision. Now, go ahead.

MR. COGAN: I don't see how that answers my questions about why he didn't record it. He recorded . . .

THE COURT: The fact you are making, he admits he didn't record it.

MR. COGAN: I am asking if there is any particular reason why he didn't.

THE COURT: I don't know that that is material, Counselor. He didn't record it, and that is it, period.

MR. COGAN: Note my exception. If I am not permitted to ask that question, fine."

The dispute concerning probable cause arose again later.

"MR. COGAN: The question is whether they had probable cause in order to do that.

THE COURT: Well, what is this Court supposed to do . . .

MR. COGAN: It is not my purpose to tell the Court or police how to go about doing their job. The Supreme Court set those standards.

THE COURT: They talk about probable cause, they are talking about something else, but when you have somebody who is implicated in a crime that implicates someone else, what are the police supposed to do?

MR. COGAN: I am not saying that that would not be probable cause. What I am saying is, you haven't had enough information yet to make that determination.

BY MR. COGAN:

Q. Did you make any notations regarding the defendant's physical condition at the time you were interrogating him?

A. Mentally only, sir.

Q. Excuse me.

A. Mentally only.

Q. And again you are relying only on your recollection; is that right?

A. That is right.

Q. How many defendants have you interrogated since August tenth, 1976?

MS. TEMIN: Objection, your Honor.

THE COURT: Sustained.

BY MR. COGAN:

Q. In other words, this is a result of your independent recollection, your mental recording of what happened that day, and not as a result of any reference to any written recording anywhere; is that right?

A. If you are referring to his condition at the time of this statement, yes.

Q. You have a vivid recollection . . .

MS. TEMIN: Objection to the characterization. The officer didn't say that.

MR. COGAN: I am asking him if he had a vivid recollection.

THE COURT: He said that based solely on his recollection. He did not put anything in writing. He is depending solely on his own recollection.

MR COGAN: That is right. And I am now asking a different question.

BY MR. COGAN:

Q. I am asking did you have a vivid recollection that day . . .

MS. TEMIN: Objection.

THE COURT: I sustain the objection. What you may mean by vivid, what she means by vivid and what I mean by vivid is all subject to a different interpretation. The fact still remains he didn't put anything in writing. Okay, Counselor? He didn't put down anything on paper.

MR. COGAN: That may question the credibility, Judge. I am trying to establish what is the degree of his recollection that day, and in fact his answer to that question is that it was very vivid. I am going to test that, and I am going to test it by . . .

THE COURT: Just ask the question. All right. Just ask the question. Repeat your question again in a different way, and if she objects, I will rule on it. If she doesn't, he will answer the question.

BY MR. COGAN:

Q. Do you have a vivid recollection of what occurred that day regarding his physical condition?

MS. TEMIN: Objection to the word "vivid".

THE COURT: Sustained.

BY MR. COGAN:

Q. Do you know what I mean when I use the word "vivid"?

A. Detailed.

Q. Yes. Do you have a detailed recollection of what my client's physical condition was that day?

A. No, sir.

A. And I take it, then, that you are not in a position to say whether he was sleepy that day, for example?

MS. TEMIN: Objection, I believe it would be proper and appropriate for Mr. Cogan to ask the officer what he observed, or whether he observed one particular thing, but to ask him whether he was in a position to observe particular things, it was argument and objectionable on many grounds.

MR. COGAN: I don't know how I can proceed by asking him the question the way the district attorney suggests. I think I should be able to plod along in my own way, if she doesn't mind. I am asking a question which is very relevant in this proceeding. If she thinks it would be more effective to ask the question in a different way a that is not the issue.

THE COURT: We are wasting a lot of time over nothing. Go ahead.

MR. COGAN: I object to that, too.

THE COURT: I said ask the question.

MR. COGAN: I object to the Court making a decision . . .

THE COURT: I am not making a decision. I am telling you to ask a question.

MR. COGAN: I want to state an objection for the record.

THE COURT: You can do anything for the record. Sit down and ask the question, will you, Counselor? If you don't sit down, I am going to hold you in contempt. Do you hear me?

MR. COGAN: Yes. I have an objection. May I state it?

THE COURT: You are in contempt. I fine you a hundred dollars. Now, go ahead. Ask the question. Now, go ahead and ask your question.

MR. COGAN: May I address the Court?

THE COURT: No, you may not. You ask the question. Cross-examine this witness. Now, go ahead.

MR. COGAN: I have an objection.

THE COURT: I ruled on it, and it cost you a hundred dollars. It is a hundred dollar fine for contempt of court. Now, go ahead and ask the question.

MR. COGAN: May I have it read back?

THE COURT: Just make up another question. It has been muddled in there, and we will spend all day. Just make up your next question."

The court cited the above exchanges as the basis for sustaining the criminal contempt conviction.

II

Courts have the power summarily to convict those before them of criminal contempt of court. Act of June 16, 1836, P.L. 784, § 23, 17 P.S. § 2041, reenacted as 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 4131; see also ABA Project on Standards for Criminal Justice, Standards Relating to The Function of the Trial Judge § 7.1 (Approved Draft 1972). This Court has previously construed the criminal contempt statute, In re Johnson, 467 Pa. 552, 359 A.2d 739 (1976) and we note that immediately after our decision in Johnson, supra, the Legislature reenacted the Act of 1836 contempt statute using identical language. ¹ Each subsection of the statute is intended Criminal contempt of court is a criminal offense and thus every element of the offense must be established beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson, supra, 467 Pa. at 557, 359 A.2d at 742. "To prove criminal contempt of court which may be acted upon under authority of subsection III of the Act of June 16, 1836, the Commonwealth must prove an improper intent, an action and an obstruction of the administration of justice." Johnson, supra, id.

to penalize a different class of contemnor. In re Johnson, 467 Pa. at 556-57, 359 A.2d at 741-42. Subsection I permits the court to compel proper performance of a ministerial duty by a Commonwealth official....