COLQUITT v. BRAZORIA County

Decision Date03 December 2010
Docket NumberNo. 09-0369.,09-0369.
Citation324 S.W.3d 539
PartiesGlenn COLQUITT, Petitioner, v. BRAZORIA COUNTY, Respondent.
CourtTexas Supreme Court

OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE

James T. Liston, Marc Evan Kutner, Spagnoletti & Co., Houston TX, Brenton Joel Allison, Douglas Travis Gilman, Gilman & Allison LLP, Pearland TX, for Petitioner.

Raethella Jones, Brazoria County District Attorney's Office, Jerilynn Yenne, Criminal District Attorney, Angleton TX, for Respondent.

Andrew T. McKinney, McKinney & Cooper, L.L.P., Houston TX, for Fluor Daniel Corp.

Mary M. Markantonis, Dean Pappas & Associates, Houston TX, for Amicus Curiae American Home Insurance.

PER CURIAM.

[1] The Texas Tort Claims Act requires that a governmental unit obtain notice of a claim against it within six months of the incident giving rise to the claim. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 101.101. We have construed this provision as entitling a governmental unit to formal, written notice of a claim within six months of the incident unless it has actual notice. Tex. Dep't of Criminal Justice v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 339 (Tex.2004) (citing Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex.1995)) (per curiam). This written notice “must reasonably describe: (1) the damage or injury claimed; (2) the time and place of the incident; and (3) the incident.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 101.101(a).

[2] The issue in this case is whether the lawsuit itself, served on the governmental unit within six months of the incident and containing all the requisite information, constitutes proper notice under the Act. The court of appeals concluded it did not and dismissed the case. 282 S.W.3d 582, 587. We conclude that it does and, accordingly, reverse and remand to the trial court.

Glen Colquitt was injured in a fall while working for a private contractor at the Brazoria County jail. Within two months of his accident, Colquitt filed suit against Brazoria County alleging negligence and premises liability. Colquitt served the County with his petition, but he did not otherwise provide separate written notice of his claim.

About two years later, the County filed a plea to the jurisdiction, contending that Colquitt's failure to provide written notice deprived the trial court of jurisdiction under the Tort Claims Act. The trial court disagreed and denied the County's plea. The County elected to take an interlocutory appeal rather than proceed to trial. 1 In that appeal, the court of appeals agreed with the County, reversing the trial court's interlocutory order and rendering judgment that Colquitt's lawsuit be dismissed. 282 S.W.3d 582, 587. The court reasoned that section 311.034 of the Code Construction Act modified the notice provisions of the Tort Claims Act, creating a jurisdictional requirement that formal or actual notice precede the filing of any lawsuit against the governmental unit, even those lawsuits filed within six months of the injury-producing incident. Id. (citing Tex. Gov't Code § 311.034). 2

[3] [4] [5] This is an interlocutory appeal over which we have limited jurisdiction. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 51.014(a)(8) (authorizing an appeal from an order denying a governmental unit's plea to the jurisdiction). Our appellate jurisdiction generally extends only to final judgments that dispose of all parties and issues in the case. Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 (Tex.2001). Interlocutory orders are typically not appealable, and those that can be appealed ordinarily go no further than the court of appeals unless there is a dissent or conflict. See Tex. Gov't Code § 22.225(b)(3), (c). Here, we have a conflict, see Cavazos v. City of Mission, 797 S.W.2d 268, 271 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1990, no writ), but even if that were not the case, we would have appellate jurisdiction to review the court of appeals' judgment because its disposition of the case on jurisdictional grounds is a final judgment. Hoff v. Nueces Cnty., 153 S.W.3d 45, 47 n. 1 (Tex.2004) (per curiam); see also Klein v. Hernandez, 315 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Tex.2010) (noting that this Court always has jurisdiction to determine whether court of appeals correctly applied its jurisdiction).

In Cavazos, the court of appeals held that a lawsuit, served on the governmental unit within six months of the incident, constituted actual notice under the Tort Claims Act. Cavazos, 797 S.W.2d at 271. Formal notice is not required when the government has obtained timely actual notice of the incident. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 101.101(c). The court accordingly reversed the government's summary judgment based upon the claimant's failure to give notice and remanded the case for trial. Id. The County argues that Cavazos is distinguishable because it predates the 2005 amendment to the Code Construction Act that now makes statutory prerequisites to suit, such as notice, jurisdictional. See Tex. Gov't Code § 311.034 (“Statutory prerequisites to a suit, including the provision of notice, are jurisdictional requirements in all suits against a governmental entity.”). The County contends then that the County had to have actual or formal notice of the incident before Colquitt filed his lawsuit, even though Colquitt filed the suit within the Tort Claims Act's six-month notice period. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 101.101. The court of appeals agreed, holding that the 2005 amendment to section 311.034 also operated to amend the Tort Claims Act's notice provision, making “pre-suit notice of a claim under the Texas Tort Claims Act [ ] jurisdictional.” 282 S.W.3d at 587. We disagree.

The Tort Claims Act's notice provision provides in pertinent part:

§ 101.101. Notice

(a) A governmental unit is entitled to receive notice of a claim against it under this chapter not later than six months after the day that the incident giving rise to the claim occurred. The notice must reasonably describe:

(1) the damage or injury claimed;

(2) the time and place of the incident; and

(3) the incident.

(b) * * *

(c) The notice requirements provided or ratified and approved by Subsections (a) and (b) do not apply if the governmental unit has actual notice that death has occurred, that the claimant has received some injury, or that the claimant's property has been damaged.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 101.101. In University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351, 364 (Tex.2004), we concluded that this notice provision, while mandatory and a potential bar to any action under the Tort Claims Act, was not a condition of the Act's waiver of immunity. After our decision in Loutzenhiser, the Legislature amended section 311.034 of the Code Construction Act to make notice, and other statutory prerequisites, jurisdictional, that is, a condition of the Act's waiver of immunity from suit. See Act of June 1, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S. ch. 1150, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 3783 (adding the last sentence to Tex. Gov't Code § 311.034).

Before this amendment, a failure to comply with the Tort Claims Act's mandatory notice requirement resulted in a bar to liability; after the amendment, a similar failure operated to preserve the government's immunity. In other words, the 2005 amendment to section 311.034 changed the character of the government's defense from a plea in bar to a plea to the jurisdiction, making the Tort Claims Act's six-month notice requirement a condition for the governmental unit's waiver of immunity from suit under the Act. The court of appeals, however, takes the analysis one step further, suggesting that the amendment also potentially shortened the Tort Claims Act's notice period by requiring that notice precede the lawsuit's physical filing without regard to whether section 101.101's six-month notice period had expired.

[6] While we agree that section 311.034 of the Code Construction Act makes compliance with the notice provisions jurisdictional, City of Dallas v. Carbajal, 324 S.W.3d 537, 537-38 (Tex.2010), we do not agree that the former otherwise modifies or changes the latter. Section 311.034 is not a notice provision; it does not express any particular period for notice different from that in the Tort Claims Act. It merely states that statutory prerequisites to suit, like notice, are jurisdictional. Thus, the notice requirement of the Tort Claims Act is a statutory prerequisite to the...

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