Com. v. Charles

• Decision Date: 26 March 2010
• Docket Number: SJC-10551.
• Citation: 923 N.E.2d 519,456 Mass. 378
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Peterson CHARLES.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

923 N.E.2d 519

456 Mass. 378

COMMONWEALTH v.Peterson CHARLES.

SJC-10551.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Plymouth.

Argued December 8, 2009.

Decided March 26, 2010.

Jennifer J. Cox for the defendant.

Mary E. Lee, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

The following submitted briefs for amici curiae:

Debra S. Krupp, Boston, Committee for Public Counsel Services, for Committee for Public Counsel Services.

Todd C. Pomerleau, Danielle M. Wood, & Sarah M. Unger for Pomerleau Wood LLP.

Kathryn Hayne Barnwell for John Dessources.

Present: MARSHALL, C.J., IRELAND, SPINA, COWIN, CORDY, BOTSFORD, & GANTS, JJ.

MARSHALL, C.J.

Resolution of this case is governed in substantial part by our decision issued today in Commonwealth v. Vasquez,456 Mass. 350, 923 N.E.2d 524(2010)(Vasquez ).The defendant was convicted by a District Court jury of possession of a class B substance (cocaine) with intent to distribute, G.L. c. 94C, § 32A; possession of a class D substance (marijuana) with intent to distribute, G.L. c. 94C, § 32C; and committing a drug offense within a school zone, G.L. c. 94C, § 32J.At trial, the Commonwealth submitted in evidence, without objection, three State laboratory certificates of drug analysis (drug certificates) of the substances possessed by the defendant.¹The case was tried after our decision in Commonwealth v. Verde,444 Mass. 279, 827 N.E.2d 701(2005)(Verde), and before the United States Supreme Court issued Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts,___ U.S. ___, ___, 129 S.Ct. 2527, 2532, 174 L.Ed.2d 314(2009)(Melendez-Diaz), abrogating our decision in the Verde case.In an unpublished memorandum and order issued pursuant to its rule 1:28, the Appeals Court affirmed.Commonwealth v. Charles,74 Mass.App.Ct. 1113, 906 N.E.2d 368(2009).We granted the defendant's application for further appellate review, limited to the application of Melendez-Diaz to the defendant's confrontation clause claim.²We now reverse the judgments, set aside the verdicts, and remand the cases for a new trial.³

1.Facts.We summarize the relevant facts as they properly could have been found by the jury.At around 2:20 A.M. on May 13, 2004, Officers Edward Cruickshank and Jim Barude of the Brockton police department responded to a passing motorist's report of a fight at a nearby gasoline station, where they saw the defendant arguing with another man.After seeing the approaching cruiser, the defendant walked toward a parked automobile and then sat in its driver's seat; another man was sitting in the passenger seat.The officers, together with Sergeant Paul Binnaca, who had just arrived at the scene, approached the vehicle.After the defendant refused to comply with orders to keep his hands visible, Officer Cruickshank opened the driver side door, "grabbed"the defendant's arm, and began to remove the defendant from the vehicle.At that point, both Officer Cruickshank and Sergeant Binnaca saw the defendant reach into his waistband, remove a plastic bag, and throw it over his shoulder into the back seat.Officer Cruickshank then pulled the defendant out of the automobile.After the officers had handcuffed the defendant, Sergeant Binnaca retrieved the bag and told Officer Cruickshank that there were narcotics in the vehicle.

At trial, evidence apart from the drug certificates pertaining to the chemical nature of the substances recovered from the automobile consisted in its entirety in the following testimony of Officer Cruickshank and Sergeant Binnaca.Officer Cruickshank, who had been a police officer for seven years, and through whom all three drug certificates were admitted in evidence, described the bag the defendant had thrown into the rear seat as containing "[e]ight pieces of crack cocaine" and six smaller bags of "a green leafy substance believed to be marijuana."He testified that he found a bag containing "22.5 grams of marijuana" in the vehicle's center console.He later referred to the substances as the "suspected marijuana and the crack cocaine," and as a "green leafy substance" and "a white, rock-like substance" that, in apparent reference to the drug certificates, were "found to be" marijuana and crack cocaine, respectively.See note 1, supra.

Sergeant Binnaca, who testified that he had worked as a police officer for twelve years and had previously made drug arrests in the area near the gasoline station, testified that the bag the defendant had thrown into the rear seat of the vehicle contained a "green leafy substance" that in his "estimation" and "experience appeared to be marijuana."He later described the bag as containing "a green leafy substance, marijuana," and numerous "pieces of an off-white, hard, rock-like substance . . . known to me as—as possibly crack cocaine."The defendant did not object to the officers' testimony regarding the substances.There was no other testimony concerning the chemical composition, appearance, odor, feel, or other qualities of the substances.⁴

2.Discussion.The Commonwealth correctly recognizes that the submission in evidence of the three drug certificates without the trial testimony of the analysts who signed the drug certificates violated the defendant's right of confrontation as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.SeeMelendez-Diaz, supra.Although the defendant did not object at trial to the admission of the drug certificates, for the reasons explained in Vasquez, supra at 355-360, 923 N.E.2d at 529-33, we must determine whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.For the reasons stated below, under our established law, which we recently discussed at length in Commonwealth v. Tyree,455 Mass. 676, 700-704, 919 N.E.2d 660(2010), and in Vasquez, supra at 360-368, 923 N.E.2d at 533-39, we are not satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the drug certificates "did not have an effect on the jury and did not contribute to the jury's verdicts."Commonwealth v. Tyree, supra at 701, 919 N.E.2d 660.

As the Commonwealth has conceded, the drug certificates, introduced as part of the prosecution's prima facie case, provided, in the words of the assistant district attorney on appeal, the "most powerful evidence" that the substances at issue were "cocaine" and "marijuana," proof of which was necessary to establish that the defendant had committed the crimes of which he was charged.SeeCommonwealth v. Farley,443 Mass. 740, 745, 824 N.E.2d 797(2005)(Commonwealth must prove "each" and "every" element of crime beyond reasonable doubt);Commonwealth v. McGilvery,74 Mass.App.Ct. 508, 511, 908 N.E.2d 783(2009)(proof "that a substance is a particular drug" is element of drug prosecutions).The judge did not give the jury a standard instruction that drug certificates are prima facie evidence of the identity of the substances, but the drug certificates, which the jury could review, stated as much.See note 1, supra.

Proof that a substance is a particular drug "may be made by circumstantial evidence,"Commonwealth v. Dawson,399 Mass. 465, 467, 504 N.E.2d 1056(1987), and in some circumstances not present here such evidence may be "so powerful" as to "nullify any effect" that the drug certificates "might have had on the jury or the verdict[s]."Commonwealth v. Tyree, supra at 704 n. 44, 919 N.E.2d 660, quotingCommonwealth v. Dagraca,447 Mass. 546, 555, 854 N.E.2d 1249(2006).Here, however, the arresting police officers, neither of whom was qualified as an expert in or had specialized training or experience in narcotics identification, offered only conclusory, and largely equivocal, testimony regarding the composition of the substances.The officers certainly "did not articulate how their expertise permitted them to identify the substances" as cocaine and marijuana.Commonwealth v. Melendez-Diaz,76 Mass.App.Ct. 229, 233, 921 N.E.2d 108(2010).Moreover, the judge did not make a finding that either officer's experience permitted him to offer an opinion that the substances were particular narcotics.SeeCommonwealth v. Dawson, supra(when police or drug-user witness testifies as to nature of substance, trial judge "will first have to make a finding" that witness's experience with drug would "permit him to give an opinion as to what drug a particular substance was").See alsoVasquez, supra at 365, 923 N.E.2d at 537.There was no evidence that the officers detected any identifiable odors or recognized any other distinguishing characteristics of the substances beyond their appearance.SeeCommonwealth v. Dawson, supra("it would be a rare case in which a witness's statement that a particular substance looked like a controlled substance would alone be sufficient to support a conviction").⁵Officer Cruickshank testified that he did not see any drug transaction occur, nor did he recall finding any money, cellular telephones, or pagers on the defendant.There was no mention of drugs in the report of the fight at the gasoline station to which the officers responded.

There was, of course, evidence probative of some wrongdoing on the part of the defendant or of consciousness of guilt.The defendant was engaged in an argument in the middle of the night in an area known for drug dealing.There was evidence that the substances seized from the automobile were packaged in a manner consistent with drug distribution, as Detective Keating testified.See note 4, supra.Moreover, when confronted by police, in addition to attempting to discard a plastic bag containing some substances, the defendant was uncooperative when the officers ordered him to keep his hands visible and attempted to escape from the police cruiser after his arrest.See note 2, supra;Commonwealth v. Oeun Lam,420 Mass. 615, 617, 650 N.E.2d 796(1995), and cases cited ("Evidence of escape or attempted escape is admissible to prove consciousness of guilt").Such...