Com. v. Delgado

• Decision Date: 18 April 1975
• Citation: Com. v. Delgado, 326 N.E.2d 716, 367 Mass. 432 (Mass. 1975)
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Harold L. DELGADO, Sr.
• Court: Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts

Page 716

326 N.E.2d 716

367 Mass. 432

COMMONWEALTH

v. Harold L. DELGADO, Sr.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Bristol.

Argued Jan. 8, 1975.

Decided April 18, 1975.

John F. Palmer, Boston, for defendant.

Philip A. Rollins, Dist. Atty., and Lance J. Garth, Asst. Dist. Atty., for the Commonwealth, submitted a brief.

Before TAURO, C. J., and REARDON, QUIRICO, HENNESSEY and WILKINS, JJ.

HENNESSEY, Justice.

The defendant appeals under G.L. c. 278, §§ 33A-33G, from his convictions by a jury on three charges: armed robbery by means of a gun, assault by means of a gun, and larceny of a motor vehicle.

The evidence in material part was as follows. On the evening of May 12, 1972, between the hours of approximately 8:50 and 9:30 P.M. successive armed robberies occurred at two small stores of the Cumberland Farms, Inc., in New Bedford Massachusetts. The circumstances of the robberies were similar: four men, including the defendant, entered the stores; one of the men, not the defendant, held a knife to the store manager while the others took money and in one case, cigarettes, from the store. In the first robbery, while one assailant held the knife to the store manager, one of the group, subsequently identified as the defendant, said, 'Hold him or I'm going to shoot him.' Apparently on the basis of this statement, the defendant in the first count of the indictment for armed robbery was charged with 'being armed with a dangerous weapon, to wit: a gun.'

Three indictments were returned by the grand jury and all indictments were tried together before a jury. Indictment No. 42321 was for armed robbery in two counts: the first count concerned the first of the two robberies and alleged armed robbery by means of a gun; the second count concerned the second robbery and alleged armed robbery by means of a knife. Indictment No. 42322 was for assault with a dangerous weapon in two counts: the first count concerned the first of the two robberies and alleged assault with a gun; the second count concerned the second robbery and alleged assault with a knife. Indictment No. 42323 alleged larceny of an automobile.

The defendant was convicted on all three indictments. A sentence of eight to twelve years at the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Walpole was imposed on the armed robbery convictions; the remaining two indictments were placed on file. The defendant appealed; the Appeals Court upheld the armed robbery convictions, and declined to deal with the other indictments, which had been placed on file. COMMONWEALTH V. DELGADO, --- MASS.APP. ---, 315 N.E.2D 893 (1974)^A. Thereafter we granted further appellate review on the defendant's application.

The defendant assigns as error the denial of his motions for directed verdicts on the counts which charged him with armed robbery with a gun, assault with a gun, and larceny of a motor vehicle. He does not challenge his convictions concerning armed robbery with a knife and assault with a knife, apparently conceding that he was chargeable with the conduct of his accomplice who wielded the knife. See Commonwealth v. Chapman, 345 Mass. 251, 255, 186 N.E.2d 818 (1962). Nevertheless he urges that he is entitled to our consideration of the sufficiency of the evidence relating to a gun, because the single sentence which was imposed was rendered on the armed robbery indictment generally, without regard to counts. Further, he says, certain of the judge's comments in his charge to the jury reflect that the judge subsequently imposed a more severe sentence because of the convictions relating to a gun. ¹ He urges that judgments of not guilty be ordered on the 'gun' counts, that the sentence previously imposed be vacated, and that the case be remanded to the Superior Court for resentencing.

The defendant further urges that he is entitled to our consideration of the merits of his motions for directed verdicts on the counts for assault with a gun and larceny of an automobile, even though those counts were placed on file by the court, at the time of the sentencing on the armed robbery indictment.

We affirm the armed robbery convictions. As to the two indictments which were placed on file, we hold that the defendant's assignments of error should be reviewed. As a result of that review, we order a judgment of not guilty on the larceny indictment, and further order that sentence or other disposition is to be imposed on the indictment for assault with a dangerous weapon.

1. To a large extent the issues raised as to the armed robbery indictment are answered by our decision in Commonwealth v. Tarrant, --- Mass. --- ^b, --- N.E.2d --- (1975) wherein we apply the apparent ability standard in defining a dangerous weapon for purposes of armed robbery (G.L. c. 265, § 17), leaving to the jury 'whether the instrumentality, under the control of the perpetrator has the apparent ability to inflict harm, whether the victim reasonably so perceived it, and whether the perpetrator by use of the instrumentality intended to elicit fear in order to further the robbery.' Commonwealth v. Tarrant, supra, at --- - --- ^c, --- N.E.2d at ---. The twist in this case is that there was no direct evidence of a gun, no gun was seen by the store manager, and no gun was found on the defendant's person or in the area where the defendant was apprehended. Thus, the only indication of the presence of a gun was the defendant's statement, 'Hold him or I'm going to shoot him.' The defendant submits that even if the apparent ability standard of the Tarrant case is the law, it would be error to extend that reasoning to a case such as this where, in effect, the gun is 'present' only by verbal assertion. ²

It is true, of course, that as a general rule words are not sufficient to constitute an assault, simple or aggravated, and would therefore not usually be sufficient to meet the robbery requirement. However, a distinction is to be drawn between words that are merely threatening and those that are also informational. As discussed in Perkins, Criminal Law, 132 (2d ed. 1969), where 'one man standing back of another, should say: 'I have you covered. If you move or turn I'll shoot you.' . . . Two kinds of words are included here,--informational words and threatening words. And it would seem under these circumstances that the informational words might take the place of a threatening movement or gesture and complete the assault,--wherever wrongfully placing another in apprehension of receiving an immediate battery is sufficient for this offense.' ³ In line with this reasoning, it is well established in this State that an act placing another in reasonable apprehension that force may be used is sufficient for the offense of criminal assault. Commonwealth v. White, 110 Mass. 407, 409 (1872). Commonwealth v. Henson, 357 Mass. 686, 689--690, 259 N.E.2d 769 (1971). Commonwealth v. Richards, --- Mass. ---, --- - --- ^d, 293 N.E.2d 854, (1973). The words spoken by the defendant in this encounter were clearly informational, warning the victim store manager that the defendant would and could shoot and thus impliedly informing the victim of the presence and possession of a gun. In our opinion this was clearly sufficient, particularly in the circumstances of an ongoing robbery, to cause the victim reasonable apprehension with respect to his physical security. Hence the crime as charged was robbery 'with a dangerous weapon, to wit: a gun,' and the jury could reasonably conclude that the defendant should be taken at his word.

2. The defendant further urges that we consider his assignment of error both with respect to assault with a dangerous weapon, viz., a gun, and with respect to the indictment for larceny of a motor vehicle. As noted earlier, these indictments were placed on file.

It has long been the practice in this Commonwealth that a judge, after a plea of guilty or a conviction may order that the indictment be placed on file. Commonwealth v. Dowdican's Bail, 115 Mass. 133 (1874). See generally Smith, Criminal Practice and Procedure, §§ 1148-1151 (1970). Absent exceptional circumstances, we do not consider appeals on assignment of error on indictments placed on file since no appeal may come before us until after judgment, which in criminal cases is the sentence. Commonwealth v. Locke, 338 Mass. 682, 684, 157 N.E.2d 233 (1959). Commonwealth v....