Com. v. Jackson

• Decision Date: 14 June 1996
• Citation: Com. v. Jackson, 678 A.2d 798, 451 Pa.Super. 129 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1996)
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Martinez JACKSON, Appellant.
• Court: Pennsylvania Superior Court

Page 798

678 A.2d 798

451 Pa.Super. 129

COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Martinez JACKSON, Appellant.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued April 30, 1996.

Filed June 14, 1996.

L. Roy Zipris, Philadelphia, for appellant.

Karen A. Braucheau, Assistant District Attorney, Philadelphia, for Commonwealth, appellee.

Before CIRILLO, President Judge Emeritus, DEL SOLE, J., and CERCONE, President Judge Emeritus.

CIRILLO, President Judge Emeritus.

Martinez Jackson appeals from the order entered by the Philadelphia Common Pleas Motions Court denying his petition for certiorari. We affirm.

On December 20, 1994, at approximately 11:20 p.m., Police Officer Clyde Jones received a report over his police radio regarding a robbery in progress at Germantown Avenue and Duval Street in Philadelphia. The report described the alleged perpetrator as an armed male wearing a black baseball hat and black jacket. Officer Jones drove in the direction of the crime scene five minutes after receiving the report, where, approximately two and one-half blocks from the scene of the robbery, he observed Martinez Jackson, wearing a dark-colored baseball cap and black jacket, walking along the street. Jones approached Jackson, asked him to stop walking, and then inquired as from where he was coming. Jackson responded that he had just left his girlfriend's house. Officer Jones then frisked Jackson, recovering a .45 caliber automatic revolver which was fully loaded and operable. Officer Jones arrested Jackson.

Prior to trial, Jackson made an oral motion to suppress the gun recovered from the officer's frisk. The motion was heard in Philadelphia Municipal Court. ¹ Jackson claimed that the physical evidence should be suppressed since the officer unlawfully searched him without reasonable cause. After the municipal court denied this motion, the Honorable Francis P. Cosgrove, of the Philadelphia Common Pleas Motions Court, convicted Jackson of carrying a firearm without a license ² and carrying a firearm on public streets. ³ Jackson was sentenced to a one-year term of probation.

Jackson filed a writ of certiorari to the motions court, seeking to appeal the order denying his motion to suppress. This writ was also denied. Jackson now appeals and presents the following issue for our review: Did the Suppression Court err in denying appellant's Motion to Suppress when the quality and quantity of the information in the police officer's possession at the time he frisked appellant was insufficiently specific to establish reasonable suspicion under the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions?

When we review an order denying a motion to suppress evidence, we must determine whether the factual findings of the trial court are supported by the evidence of record. Commonwealth v. Donahue, 428 Pa.Super. 259, 278, 630 A.2d 1238, 1247 (1993), allocatur denied in, 538 Pa. 612, 645 A.2d 1316 (1994) (citations omitted). In making this determination, this court may only consider the evidence of the Commonwealth's witnesses, and so much of the witnesses for the defendant, as fairly read in the context of the record as a whole, which remains uncontradicted. Id. If the evidence supports the findings of the trial court, we are bound by such findings and may reverse only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are erroneous. Id.

Jackson argues that the description of the robbery suspect, given to Officer Jones over the police radio, was too general and superficial to provide the reasonable suspicion justifying a Terry stop. Specifically, Jackson claims that since the description did not include any information regarding the alleged suspect's race, age, height, weight or facial features, "any male in Philadelphia" could fit this description, and, therefore, without particularized suspicion, the fruits of the unlawful stop by the officer should have been suppressed.

In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), the United States Supreme Court held that a police officer may approach or briefly detain a citizen, without probable cause, for investigatory purposes. The officer need not personally observe suspicious conduct leading to the reasonable belief needed for a Terry stop; rather, he may rely upon information received over the police radio to justify the stop. Commonwealth v. Arch, 439 Pa.Super. 606, 654 A.2d 1141 (1995). "Reasonable suspicion, like probable cause, is dependent upon both the content of information possessed by police and its degree of reliability." Commonwealth v. Knotts, 444 Pa.Super. 60 663 A.2d 216 (1995) (citations omitted). The officer must also be able to point to specific and articulable facts "which in conjunction with rational inferences deriving therefrom" warrant the initial stop. Arch, 439 Pa.Super. at 612, 654 A.2d at 1144-45 (citations omitted).

A major factor in justifying a Terry stop, when the suspicious conduct has not been personally observed by the officer, is the specificity of the description of the suspect. Commonwealth v. Jackson, 359 Pa.Super. 433, 519 A.2d 427 (1986). "[T]he factors that must be considered in justifying an investigatory stop and subsequent frisk include the specificity of the description of the suspect in conjunction with how well the suspect fits the given description, the proximity of the crime to the sighting of the suspect, the time and place of the confrontation, and the nature of the offense reported to have been committed." Id., 359 Pa.Super. at 438, 519 A.2d at 430 (citation omitted).

Based solely upon the police report, we cannot find that Officer Jones had "specific and articulable facts" to reasonably conclude that criminal activity was afoot when he initially stopped Jackson. Officer Jones did not admit to having observed Jackson exhibiting any unusual or suspicious conduct when he passed him in his patrol car near the crime scene; the police report gave a meager physical description of the alleged perpetrator wearing two common articles of clothing; Jackson unreluctantly approached Officer Jones's patrol car when he was summoned by...