Com. v. McCulloch

• Decision Date: 24 January 2008
• Docket Number: SJC-09906.
• Citation: 450 Mass. 483,879 N.E.2d 685
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Judith L. McCULLOCH.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

879 N.E.2d 685

450 Mass. 483

COMMONWEALTH v. Judith L. McCULLOCH.

SJC-09906.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.

Argued December 4, 2007.

Decided January 24, 2008.

Kenneth E. Steinfield, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

Marc C. Laredo, Boston, for the defendant.

Present: MARSHALL, C.J., GREANEY, IRELAND, SPINA, COWIN, & BOTSFORD, JJ.

SPINA, J.

In this appeal from the denial of the Commonwealth's petition for relief under G.L. c. 211, § 3, by a single justice of this court, we consider whether a District Court judge had the authority pursuant to Mass. R.Crim. P. 29, 378 Mass. 899 (1979), to vacate his finding of guilt on a criminal complaint and enter a continuance without a finding conditioned on a defendant's payment of restitution. We conclude that the judge possessed no such authority under rule 29, or otherwise.

The background of the case is as follows. On the evening of September 10, 2005, Richard Morris, who was twenty years old and from Rockport, was driving a red Toyota Camry automobile north on Eastern Avenue in Gloucester. Three passengers were with him in the vehicle. The defendant, Judith L. McCulloch, was driving a black Lexus automobile south on Eastern Avenue at the same time. She attempted to make a left turn onto Witham Street, ended up short of the intersection, and crashed into the Camry. Two of the passengers in that vehicle were seriously injured.

A criminal complaint issued in the Gloucester Division of the District Court Department charging the defendant with negligent operation of a motor vehicle in violation of G.L. c. 90, § 24(2)(a). On March 20, 2006, the defendant pleaded guilty to the charge, and the judge entered a guilty finding. She was sentenced to one year of administrative probation, and a restitution hearing was scheduled for May 8, 2006.

On that date, the defendant filed a timely motion under rule 29, to revise or revoke her sentence. The defendant's motion stated, without elaboration, that "unique" and "extenuating" circumstances, coupled with principles of "basic fairness and justice," dictated that her motion be allowed. An accompanying affidavit of counsel stated that the defendant had "cooperated with the conditions of her probation to the best of her ability," had "done her best to remain out of trouble," and had "learned from [her] experience." That same day, May 8, 2006, over the Commonwealth's objection, the District Court judge allowed the motion to revise or revoke. He then issued an order vacating the guilty finding and entering a continuance without a finding for one day, conditioned on the defendant's immediate payment of $6,000 in restitution to Kyleen Kelleher, one of the injured Camry passengers.¹ The defendant complied with the terms of this disposition, and the criminal complaint was dismissed.²

On July 10, 2006, the Commonwealth filed a petition for relief, pursuant to G.L. c. 211, § 3, in the county court. It sought review of the judge's allowance of the defendant's motion to revise or revoke a guilty finding, and the entry of a continuance without a finding with conditions.³ The single justice ordered the District Court judge to issue written findings and rulings with respect to his determination, and, once issued,⁴ the single justice denied the Commonwealth's petition for relief. The Commonwealth then appealed to the full court pursuant to G.L. c. 231, § 114.

General Laws c. 211, § 3, confers on this court the power of "general superintendence of all courts of inferior jurisdiction to correct and prevent errors and abuses therein if no other remedy is expressly provided." In Commonwealth v. Cowan, 422 Mass. 546, 547, 664 N.E.2d 425 (1996), we held that the Commonwealth could properly file a petition for relief under G.L. c. 211, § 3, with a single justice, challenging the allowance of a rule 29 motion by a District Court judge. We opined that because the Commonwealth had a right to appeal from the issuance of a revise or revoke order by a Superior Court judge under G.L. c. 278, § 28E, it would be inconsistent not to afford the Commonwealth the same right when the order was issued by a District Court judge, as to which § 28E did not provide the Commonwealth with any appellate remedy. See id. See also Commonwealth v. DeJesus, 440 Mass. 147, 150, 795 N.E.2d 547 (2003); Commonwealth v. Richards, 44 Mass.App. Ct. 478, 480, 691 N.E.2d 991 (1998). "We shall reverse a decision of a single justice only when there is clear error of law or an abuse of discretion." Department of Mental Retardation v. Kendrew, 418 Mass. 50, 53, 634 N.E.2d 109 (1994). See Milton v. Boston, 427 Mass. 1016, 1016-1017, 696 N.E.2d 141 (1998).

As a preliminary matter, the defendant contends that, because she paid restitution as mandated by the District Court judge, she effectively has served her sentence, and, therefore, the case against her is now moot. See Commonwealth v. Resende, 427 Mass. 1005, 1006, 694 N.E.2d 843 (1998) (Commonwealth's appeal from disposition of continuance without finding dismissed for mootness where defendants already had served sentences); Commonwealth v. Gomes, 419 Mass. 630, 631 n. 2, 646 N.E.2d 1041 (1995). At no time did the Commonwealth file a motion to stay the defendant's sentence pending appeal. Nonetheless, we conclude that the issues raised by the Commonwealth warrant our consideration.⁵

It is within the discretion of this court to review a case regardless of its mootness. See Lockhart v. Attorney Gen., 390 Mass. 780, 782-783, 459 N.E.2d 813 (1984). We exercise that discretion here because the meaning of rule 29 is of significant public importance, and there appears to be some uncertainty about it. See Newspapers of New England, Inc. v. Clerk-Magistrate of the Ware Div. of the Dist. Court Dep't, 403 Mass. 628, 629 n. 4, 531 N.E.2d 1261 (1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1066, 109 S.Ct. 2064, 104 L.Ed.2d 629 (1989) (although case was "clearly moot," court would address its merits "because of the strong public interest in the matter"); Wellesley College v. Attorney Gen., 313 Mass. 722, 731, 49 N.E.2d 220 (1943). Moreover, "notwithstanding the lack of a live controversy," we are willing to make an exception to the mootness doctrine where the parties have fully briefed and argued the issues of a case, Delaney v. Commonwealth, 415 Mass. 490, 492, 614 N.E.2d 672 (1993), and where the issues are "capable of repetition, yet evading review." Wolf v. Commissioner of Pub. Welfare, 367 Mass. 293, 298 & n. 7, 327 N.E.2d 885 (1975), quoting Southern Pac. Terminal Co. v. Interstate Commerce Comm'n, 219 U.S. 498, 515, 31 S.Ct. 279, 55 L.Ed. 310 (1911). See Lockhart v. Attorney Gen., supra at 783-784, 459 N.E.2d 813, and cases cited.

Turning to the merits of the present appeal, the Commonwealth contends that the judge's use of rule 29 to vacate his finding of guilt on the criminal complaint and to enter a continuance without a finding conditioned on the defendant's payment of $6,000 in restitution to Kyleen Kelleher was erroneous. We agree.

Rule 29 states, in pertinent part:

"(a) Revision or Revocation. The trial judge upon his own motion or the written motion of a defendant filed within sixty days after the imposition of a sentence . . . may upon such terms and conditions as he shall order, revise or revoke such sentence if it appears that justice may not have been done" (emphasis added).

The purpose of a rule 29 motion is "to permit a judge to reconsider the sentence he has imposed and determine, in light of the facts as they existed at the time of sentencing, whether the sentence was just" (emphasis in original). Commonwealth v. DeJesus, supra at 152, 795 N.E.2d 547, quoting Commonwealth v. Layne, 386 Mass. 291, 295, 435 N.E.2d 356 (1982). See Commonwealth v. Amirault, 415 Mass. 112, 117, 612 N.E.2d 631 (1993). "Occasions inevitably will occur where a conscientious judge, after reflection or upon receipt of new probation reports or other information, will feel that he has been too harsh or has failed to give due weight to mitigating factors which properly he should have taken into account. In such cases the interests of justice and sound judicial administration will be served by permitting the trial judge to reduce the sentence within a reasonable time." District Attorney for the N. Dist. v. Superior Court, 342 Mass. 119, 128, 172 N.E.2d 245 (1961). See K.B. Smith, Criminal Practice and Procedure § 40.13 (3d ed.2007). In essence, "[t]he rule governs reductions of sentences motivated by demands of fairness." Reporters' Notes to Mass. R.Crim. P. 29, Mass. Ann. Laws, Rules of Criminal Procedure at 1601 (LexisNexis 2007).

When considering whether to allow a defendant's motion to revise or revoke, "a judge may not take into account conduct of the defendant that occurs subsequent to the original sentencing." Commonwealth v. Barclay, 424 Mass. 377, 380, 676 N.E.2d 1127 (1997). See Commonwealth v. White, 436 Mass. 340, 344-345 n. 3, 764 N.E.2d 808 (2002) (prohibiting consideration of postsentence conduct when reviewing rule 29 motion); Commonwealth v. McGuinness, 421 Mass. 472, 476 n. 4, 658 N.E.2d 150 (1995) ("A judge may not interfere with the executive function of the parole board by using postconviction evidence in an order to revise and revoke").

By the explicit terms of rule 29, if a judge determines that justice has not been done, the judge may revise or revoke a sentence, not a finding of guilt.⁶ When the judge vacated the finding of guilt on the criminal complaint and entered a continuance without a finding subject to the payment of restitution, he effectively erased all vestiges of the criminal proceedings against the defendant. Such action was not within the purview of the judge's authority under rule 29. We agree with the Commonwealth that, in her motion to revise or revoke, the defendant did not allude to any specific circumstances in existence on March 20, 2006, that called into question the propriety of...