Com. v. Ngow

• Decision Date: 16 February 1993
• Citation: 422 Pa.Super. 578,619 A.2d 1374
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Ly NGOW, Appellant.
• Court: Pennsylvania Superior Court

Page 1374

619 A.2d 1374

422 Pa.Super. 578

COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Ly NGOW, Appellant.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

Submitted Oct. 5, 1992.

Filed Feb. 16, 1993.

James S. Bruno, Philadelphia, for appellant.

Kathy L. Echternach, Asst. Dist. Atty., Philadelphia, for Com., appellee.

Before DEL SOLE, BECK and BROSKY, JJ.

BECK, Judge:

The single question on appeal is whether a baseball bat, which has not been specially made or adapted for criminal use, can be an instrument of crime as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 907(c)(2). We agree with the trial court and hold that a baseball bat can be an instrument of crime as defined in the Pennsylvania Code. We affirm the judgment of sentence.

Appellant was arrested and charged with aggravated and simple assault, indecent assault, recklessly endangering another person, possessing an instrument of crime and criminal conspiracy. Appellant was found guilty on all counts. A motion for new trial or arrest of judgment was timely filed, argued and denied. Appellant was sentenced to one year probation for possessing an instrument of crime, and concurrent terms of 8 to 23 months in prison on all other charges; this appeal followed.

The trial court found the following facts: Appellant and four other youths were in a vehicle on 5th Street in the Olney section of Philadelphia. One of appellant's companions, a passenger, shouted a rude comment out the window to a man and a young woman. Appellant and his companions then left the vehicle and proceeded brutally to attack the man by punching, kicking and beating him with a baseball bat while the young woman looked on. Additionally, appellant approached the young woman, laughed and grabbed her left breast. Eventually, police arrived at the scene and all of the attackers were apprehended, identified by the victims and arrested. ¹

Appellant contends that his conviction for possessing an instrument of crime cannot stand as it was based upon insufficient evidence. Essentially, appellant claims that the Commonwealth failed to prove that baseball bats are commonly used to commit crimes. Section 907 of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code provides, in pertinent part:

(a) Criminal instruments generally.--A person commits a misdemeanor of the first degree if he possesses any instrument of crime with intent to employ it criminally.

. . . . .

(c) Definitions.--As used in this section the following words and phrases shall have the meanings given to them in this subsection:

"Instrument of crime."

(1) Anything specially made or specially adapted for criminal use; or

(2) Anything commonly used for criminal purposes and possessed by the actor under circumstances not manifestly

appropriate for lawful uses it may have.

18 Pa.C.S. § 907.

Appellant frames the instrument of crime issue as one of sufficiency of the evidence and asserts that the Commonwealth has failed to satisfy its burden. We conclude that whether a baseball bat is an instrument that could be "commonly used for criminal purposes" is a question of law to be decided by the court. It is then up to the fact finder to determine, based upon evidence presented by the Commonwealth, whether the instrument was "possessed by the actor under circumstances not manifestly appropriate for lawful uses it may have."

In Com. v. Hudgens, 400 Pa.Super. 79, 582 A.2d 1352 (1990), for example, despite the absence of Commonwealth evidence, the court took judicial notice of the fact that Samurai Swords recently had been used for criminal purposes. It then disposed of appellant's sufficiency challenges by determining whether there was sufficient evidence that the swords were possessed under circumstances not manifestly appropriate for lawful uses and with the intent to employ them criminally. See also Com. v. Dalahan, 262 Pa.Super. 615, 396 A.2d 1340 (1979) (Court reviewed evidence of circumstances under which defendant possessed tire iron utilized to pry open a window, but did not require any evidence that tire iron is commonly used for criminal purposes.); Com. v. Hall, 304 Pa.Super. 489, 450 A.2d 1018 (1982) (Court found insufficient evidence of intent to employ a knife criminally, but stated as matter of law that a knife is commonly used for criminal purposes). Our view of this issue is also guided by cases in which the question of whether an object was "commonly used for criminal purposes" was not permitted to be decided by a jury, but rather was disposed of as a matter of law by the court. See e.g. Com. v. Myers, 376 Pa.Super. 41, 545 A.2d 309, 314-315 (1988) (Scissors not commonly used for criminal purposes as a matter of law).

By analogy, Com. v. McKetta, 469 Pa. 223, 364 A.2d 1350 (1976), supports our conclusion. The McKetta court held that the question of whether a particular substance is a "dangerous drug" pursuant to The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, 35 P.S. § 780-101 et seq., is a matter of law to be decided by the Court. The McKetta court stated that where the identity of the substance is not at issue, but there is a question of whether the substance falls into the Act's definition, the matter is resolved through statutory interpretation which is clearly the province of the court.

In the present case, the statute required proof of four elements: 1) possession of an instrument; 2) commonly used for criminal purposes; 3) under circumstances not manifestly appropriate for lawful use; 4) with the intent to employ it criminally. The second element, that the baseball bat was an instrument commonly used for criminal purposes, was determined by the court as a matter of law. Based upon empirical evidence and common knowledge the court decided that a baseball bat is an instrument that is commonly used for criminal purposes. The court stated:

Unfortunately, the times they are a-changing. It is miserably apparent that young criminals have kept abreast of the law. After the enactment of the Mandatory Sentencing laws in 1982, which required enhanced sentences for gun crimes, many of them took to roaming the streets packing a Louisville Slugger rather than a firearm. Much as burglary tools, innocent items in themselves, are carried by burglars with the intent to break into others' property, so too are baseball bats being brought by groups of young men to corners and neighborhoods where they expect to meet youngsters of other gangs or races. They seek confrontation. The results have been horrific.

. . . . .

Philadelphia has seen a dramatic upswing in the number of baseball bat-inflicted injuries, a phenomenon which has not gone unnoticed by the medical profession or the media.

Trial Court opinion at 5.

The trial court also based its conclusion upon a review of the case law in...