Com. v. Saya

• Decision Date: 02 December 1982
• Citation: 440 N.E.2d 1288,14 Mass.App.Ct. 509
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH v. Wayne SAYA.
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

Page 1288

440 N.E.2d 1288

14 Mass.App.Ct. 509

COMMONWEALTH v. Wayne SAYA.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts Norfolk.

Argued Sept. 17, 1982.

Decided Oct. 15, 1982.

Further Appellate Review Denied Dec. 2, 1982.

Brownlow M. Speer, Boston, for defendant.

Charles J. Hely, Asst. Dist. Atty. (Peter M. McElroy, Asst. Dist. Atty., with him), for the Commonwealth.

Before BROWN, CUTTER and DREBEN, JJ.

CUTTER, Justice.

Saya was convicted as an accessory before the fact to burglary (committed on December 24, 1978) of a house in Medway. He was acquitted on an indictment for burglary (on December 23, 1978) of that house. Upon his appeal from his conviction as accessory, two issues have been argued.

1. Saya objects to the allowance on February 4, 1980, by a Superior Court judge (not the trial judge) of an amendment of a clumsily expressed indictment (returned in March, 1979). Prior to the amendment the indictment stated in part (omitting the bracketed words in the following quotations) that the grand jurors "on their oath present that DAVID BALDINELLI [WAYNE SAYA] of Malden [Cambridge]" on December 24, 1978, "at Medway ... that David Baldinelli and others did break and enter in the night-time a certain dwelling house situated in ... Medway, the property of Abraham Hanverger, with intent to commit larceny therein, and that before the said felony was committed, the said WAYNE SAYA did incite, procure, aid, counsel, hire, or command the said David Baldinelli the said felony commit." After the amendment the indictment read with the bracketed name "Wayne Saya" substituted for "David Baldinelli" (only where that name first appears) and "Cambridge" substituted for "Malden."

The motion to amend recited (a) that the "misnomer is a result of a clerical error; the text of the indictment correctly charges Wayne Saya as an accessory before the fact of burglary; and that the defendant is not prejudiced by the amendment," and (b) refers to Mass.R.Crim.P. 4(d), 378 Mass. 849-850 (1979), which contains the substance of the pre-1979 provisions of G.L. c. 277, § 35A. The back of the indictment (No. 73936) correctly refers to the indictment as being for the crime of "ACCESSORY BEFORE THE FACT TO BURGLARY" and gives the title of the case as "COMMONWEALTH vs. WAYNE SAYA."

We entertain no doubt that (even with the clerical error concerning the first reference to "David Baldinelli"), the unchanged original indictment sufficiently charged Saya as an accessory before the fact. Inartistic as the original language was, we think that Saya could have been convicted under it as an accessory as well as under the amended language which, indeed, did not fully cure the original clumsiness. See G.L. c. 277, § 79, stating that the statutory forms annexed "shall be sufficient." ¹

This is not a case where the amendment of the indictment changed the person to be charged as an accessory. The indictment at all times so charged only Saya. The test suggested in Commonwealth v. Snow, 269 Mass. 598, 609-610, 169 N.E. 542 (1930), to determine whether the change effected by an amendment would be "material is whether judgment of conviction or acquittal on the indictment as drawn would be a bar to a new indictment drawn in the form in which it stood after the amendment." The amendment before us effected no material change in substance or in the essential elements of the crime as originally stated by the grand jury. See Commonwealth v. Parrotta, 316 Mass. 307, 308-312, 55 N.E.2d 456 (1944); Commonwealth v. Jones, --- Mass.App. ---, --- - ---, Mass.App.Ct.Adv.Sh. (1981) 1697, 1698-1699, 426 N.E.2d 726. Compare Commonwealth v. Balliro, 385 Mass. 618, 619, 433 N.E.2d 434 (1982); Commonwealth v. Morse, --- Mass.App. ---, --- - ---, Mass.App.Ct.Adv.Sh. (1981) 1616, 1617-1618, 425 N.E.2d 769. A trial on the amended indictment would have been barred by an acquittal or conviction of Saya on the original indictment. See Commonwealth v. Michaud, 14 Mass.App. 471, 473, 440 N.E.2d 768 (1982). Certainly Saya was adequately identified in both forms of the indictment. Compare Connor v. Commonwealth, 363 Mass. 572, 574-577, 296 N.E.2d 172 (1973). We perceive no respect in which Saya has suffered prejudice from the amendment. See Commonwealth v. Binkiewicz, 342 Mass. 740, 747-749, 175 N.E.2d 473 (1961); Commonwealth v. Benjamin, 358 Mass. 672, 678-679, 266 N.E.2d 662 (1971); Commonwealth v. Jervis, 368 Mass. 638, 643-645, 335 N.E.2d 356 (1975); Commonwealth v. Ohanian, 6 Mass.App. 965, 966, 384 N.E.2d 218 (1979), and cases cited; Commonwealth v. Brown Forman Distil. Corp., 307 Ky. 597, 600-602, 211 S.W.2d 858 (1948).

2. Saya contends that he suffered prejudice because of allegedly improper prosecutorial questions before the grand jury prior to the return of the indictment. The same Superior Court judge, who allowed the indictment to be amended, also denied Saya's motion to dismiss the indictment. ²

Evidence before the grand jury on January 23, 1979, was given that the Medway house of a Mr. Hanverger had been entered at some time on or just before December 23, 1978, as was discovered by a neighbor who had been asked to watch the house in the owner's absence. An oriental rug, one or more antique clocks, and a piece of furniture were found moved in a manner which suggested that a burglary had been commenced by a professional burglar and that the items had been so placed as to facilitate their subsequent removal.

A "stakeout" was arranged by the police for the night of December 23-24. As a consequence, Baldinelli and two companions who appeared that night in or near the house were arrested. After due advice of "their rights," Baldinelli gave a signed statement to the police that Saya had called him by telephone on December 23 and asked him to pick up the rug from "a house in Medway that had been robbed" and had arranged for him to be guided to the house. A companion, William Levins, also gave a statement implicating Saya. About the night's events, several grand jurors asked questions.

The Medway chief of police had testified before the grand jury about these events. The prosecutor asked him whether he had made inquiry "into the backgrounds" of Saya, Baldinelli, and the two men arrested with Baldinelli with specific reference to their criminal records. The police chief testified to some criminal records of each of them. A juror participated to some extent in inquiring about two of the arrested persons.

As to Saya, the chief of police testified that Saya had a criminal record including "attempted murder" and "a long list of burglaries, [and] breaking and enterings." The police chief also testified that, when Levins and Baldinelli were arraigned in the Wrentham District Court, Saya had come up to the police chief and had handed him a signed written retraction by Baldinelli of his statement of December 24 implicating Saya. About this incident, a juror or jurors questioned the witness and one juror suggested that it might "be important to see" Baldinelli "to find out if" the retraction "is authentic." During the first hearing, the witness brought out that a side door had been left "unlocked and there was no sign of forced entry." The police chief then testified that investigations showed that "Saya is a locksmith, he's involved in all that type of thing. So, there wasn't a scratch on that door knob, nothing." A juror pursued aspects of this inquiry. It is not shown that at the grand jury session on January 23 any indictments were sought.

A further hearing before the special grand jury took place over six weeks later, on March 8, 1979. At that hearing, Baldinelli (with his counsel present) voluntarily gave essentially the following testimony. On December 23, 1978, Saya (known to Baldinelli "for a few months") by telephone requested Baldinelli to go to the Medway house to pick up the large oriental rug and a piece of furniture (hutch) left in the house. Saya told Baldinelli that "he had done a burglary the day before." The back door had been left open. Baldinelli with Levins went by automobile to the house following a guide, John Thompson, who drove his own van. Thompson, at Saya's request, gave Baldinelli a memorandum of the address of the house and a sketch of the hutch. He pointed out the house. Baldinelli and Levins entered the enclosed porch of the house by the front door. They were apprehended by the waiting police. Baldinelli identified the confession statement signed by him on December 24. He also testified that he had signed later (at Thompson's request) the statement disavowing the December 24 confession. About two weeks after the robbery he was assaulted in Cambridge by two persons known to him to be friends of Saya. The record shows no reference to Saya's criminal record at the hearing on March 8. The indictment was returned on March 15, 1979.

The Massachusetts cases adhere to the "well established principle that the adequacy of the evidence presented to the grand jury cannot be tested by a motion to dismiss." See Commonwealth v. Robinson, 373 Mass. 591, 592-593, 368 N.E.2d 1210 (1977), and cases cited. An indictment may be based purely on hearsay testimony even if better testimony is available. See Commonwealth v. St. Pierre, 377 Mass. 650, 654-657, 387 N.E.2d 1135 (1979), where (at 656, 387 N.E.2d 1135) a preference was expressed "for the use of direct testimony before grand juries." See also Commonwealth v. Gibson, 368 Mass. 518, 523-525, 333 N.E.2d 400 (1975); Commonwealth v. Dilone, 385 Mass. 281, 284, 431 N.E.2d 576 (1982). Compare Commonwealth v. McCarthy, 385 Mass. 160, 163, 430 N.E.2d 1195 (1982, absence of any evidence of criminal activity by the defendant). ³

The necessary breadth of the investigative power of a grand jury has been recognized. United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 342-346, 94 S.Ct. 613, 617-618, 38 L.Ed.2d 561 (1974), in which, at 354-355, 94 S.Ct. at 622-623, it was held that the exclusionary rule concerning illegally seized...