Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Stearns

• Decision Date: 01 May 1933
• Docket Number: No. 325.,325.
• Citation: 65 F.2d 371
• Parties: COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE v. STEARNS.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

65 F.2d 371 (1933)

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE v. STEARNS.

No. 325.

Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

May 1, 1933.

Andrew D. Sharpe and Sewall Key, both of Washington, D. C. (C. M. Charest, Gen. Counsel, Bureau of Internal Revenue, and Stanley B. Anderson, Sp. Atty., Bureau of Internal Revenue, both of Washington, D. C., of counsel), for appellant.

L. L. Hamby, of Washington, D. C. (Duer, Strong & Whitehead, of New York City, of counsel), for appellee.

Before L. HAND, SWAN, and AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judges.

L. HAND, Circuit Judge.

Hieronymus, the taxpayer's testator, was a German, resident in Germany, who died on December 23, 1918. He had held certain shares and bonds in American companies, which the Alien Property Custodian seized on January 3, 1918, by virtue of the Trading with the Enemy Act (50 USCA Appendix). He left a will, probated in Germany, by which after certain pecuniary bequests of small amount, he bequeathed the rest of his estate to his three sisters, who were Germans also. The taxpayer, Stearns, a resident of Connecticut, was appointed administrator c. t. a. of his estate by the surrogate of New York county in 1925; and towards the end of 1928, the Custodian turned over to him $140,000 in cash, and shares and bonds having a value at that time of $440,000, the greater part of which he sold during the year for about $429,000. In December, 1928, he filed his account with the surrogate covering the whole period of his administration down to November 22, 1928. After paying legacies he had on hand for distribution $492,000, of which he proposed to divide all but $50,000 among the residuary legatees, and with which he credited them in proper proportion in the account as filed. In May, 1929, the surrogate approved the account and ordered distribution of all the property but the $50,000, which was reserved for taxes. In 1929 Stearns filed an income tax return for the estate for 1928, in which he calculated profit and loss upon the value of the property when he received it from the Custodian in 1928; this the Commissioner disallowed and assessed him for a profit based upon the value at the time of Hieronymus's death in December, 1918. He also refused to allow a deduction for attorneys' expenses during administration, which had also been claimed. Stearns appealed to the Board, insisting not only that the date chosen by him was the correct one, but besides, that he was entitled as a deduction to such sums as were credited to the residuaries in his account filed in December. The Board held that the amounts credited were proper deductions under section 162 (b) and (c) of the Revenue Act of 1928, 26 USCA § 2162 (b, c), and, as this disposed of the appeal, did not decide what was the proper "base" upon which to reckon gain or loss, or whether there might be a deduction for attorneys' fees.

The first question is whether the taxpayer was entitled to deduct the amounts credited. Section 161 (a) of the Revenue Act of 1928 (26 USCA § 2161 (a), assorted the taxable income of estates into four classes. The first is income accumulated for unborn or unascertained persons or contingent remaindermen, or income held for future distribution, apparently for those having vested interests. The second is income "which is to be distributed currently," or collected by a guardian subject to the orders of a court. The third is income received "during the period of administration"; and the fourth, such as the fiduciary may distribute or accumulate in his discretion. All these are subject to the same taxes as the income of individuals, and section 162 provided on whom the tax shall be imposed. Subdivision (b) of that section allows to the fiduciary the deduction of the second class; subdivision (c), the deduction of so much of the third and fourth classes as "is properly paid or credited during such year to any legatee, heir, or beneficiary." No deduction is of course allowed of the first class. The income here in question, assuming there was a taxable profit, was not within the second class; it was not "to be distributed currently," by which we understand that the will or deed directs the distribution. That phrase is contrasted with income received "during the period of administration," and income which may be accumulated or disbursed at pleasure, and presupposes a periodic duty of the trustee, and possibly in rare cases of an executor; its typical example is the case of a life tenant. Current distribution certainly cannot refer to final distribution to residuaries of the corpus of the estate along with any income accruing during administration. Section 162 fits in with this interpretation, and indeed confirms it. It is reasonable to allow deductions to a fiduciary of what he is under an absolute obligation to pay, whether he had done so or not, and whether he has credited the payments to the beneficiary or not; they are by hypothesis the beneficiary's by the terms of the will or deed, and he can enforce their payment. But income received "during the period of administration" is to be distributed only by way of settlement, intermediate or final, when the administration has gone far enough. Such distributions, and distributions at the discretion of the fiduciary, must be actually made, or irrevocably fixed, before they become the beneficiary's as of right. They should appear in the fiduciary's return, if they are still his; in the beneficiary's, only in case he has become presently entitled to them, or received them.

This serves to determine what is meant by the word, "credited," the alternative to "paid," though we can find no authority on the point. The income must be so definitively allocated to the legatee as to be beyond recall; "credit" for practical purposes is the equivalent of "payment." Therefore, a mere entry on the books of the fiduciary will not serve unless made in such circumstances that it cannot be recalled. If the fiduciary's account be stated inter partes, that would probably be enough; it would certainly be, when a court, as for example, the surrogate in this instance, passes the account and directs payment. But the unilateral act of entering the items in the account is not conclusive. In the case at bar this was particularly emphasized. One, Winckler, had laid claim to the whole residuum; Stearns set up the claim in his account, she was cited and her claim adjudged void. Probably in fact it was without substance, for she defaulted in pressing her suit, but nobody could say with certainty that she might not, and might not succeed. Stearns could not safely distribute till she was disposed of. Nothing was therefore "credited" to the residuaries during the year 1928, and if profits had been realized there was a tax to pay. Burnett v. Whitehouse, 283 U. S. 148, 51 S. Ct. 374, 75 L. Ed. 916, 73 A. L. R. 1534, is not pertinent; all it held was that when an annuity is charged alike on corpus and income, it is a gift whatever the source of the particular payments, unlike Irwin v. Gavit, 268 U. S. 161, 45 S. Ct. 475, 69 L. Ed. 897, where the payments had to come from income alone. The distribution here was a bequest of a joint fund of principal and income; so far as it was income, it retained its character.

There remains the question of the proper time at which to fix the "base." Had the Alien Property Custodian not intervened, the second sentence of section 113 (a) (5), Revenue Act 1928, 26 USCA § 2113 (a) (5), would have...