Commonwealth v. Pillai, No. 03-P-326 (MA 8/16/2004)
Decision Date | 16 August 2004 |
Docket Number | No. 03-P-326.,03-P-326. |
Citation | 61 Mass. App. Ct. 603 |
Parties | COMMONWEALTH vs. VASUDEVAN PILLAI. |
Court | United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court |
Child Abuse. Indecent Assault and Battery.
Practice, Criminal, Trial of indictments together, Severance. Evidence, Prior misconduct, Other offense.
Complaints received and sworn to in the Dedham Division of the District Court Court Department on April 13, 2000, and July 18, 2000.
A pretrial motion for joinder was heard by Lynda M. Connolly, J., and the cases were tried before her.
Michael R. Schneider for the defendant.
James A. Reidy, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
Present: Armstrong, C.J., Beck, & Cypher, JJ.
The defendant was convicted of eight counts of indecent assault and battery on a child under fourteen; six involving a group of incidents occurring on a single day against one child, and the other two involving a separate incident allegedly occurring four or five months earlier with a different child. With some hesitation, borne principally of the infrequency of instances in our decisional law where convictions have been reversed for improper joinder, we have come to the conclusion that the judge erred in this case by allowing the Commonwealth's motion for joinder of the charges involving the different victims.
The general rule is that "related cases" should be joined for trial unless joinder is not in the best interests of justice. The Rules of Criminal Procedure define "related offenses" as those "based on the same criminal conduct or episode or [which] arise out of a course of criminal conduct or series of criminal episodes connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan." Mass.R.Crim.P. 9(a)(1), 378 Mass. 859 (1979). See discussion in Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 436 Mass. 799, 802-805 (2002). "[T]he propriety of join[der] . . . turns, in large measure, on whether evidence of the other . . . offenses would have been admissible at a separate trial on each indictment." Commonwealth v. Mamay, 407 Mass. 412, 417 (1990), citing Commonwealth v. Gallison, 383 Mass. 659, 672 (1981). Such evidence is inadmissible to prove the propensity of the defendant to commit crimes of a type, ibid.; but it can be used to "show a common scheme, pattern of operation, absence of accident or mistake, identity, intent, or motive." Commonwealth v. Helfant, 398 Mass. 214, 224 (1986).
Prior reported decisions sanctioning joinder for trial of abuse charges involving different victims (or, alternatively, use of evidence of abuse against a different victim) have hewed to those guidelines. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Gallison, supra at 671-673 ( ); Commonwealth v. King, 387 Mass. 464, 469-473 (1982) ( ); Commonwealth v. Pope, 392 Mass. 493, 502-503 (1984) ( ); Commonwealth v. Helfant, supra at 226-228 ( ); Commonwealth v. Mamay, supra at 416-417 ( ); Commonwealth v. Feijoo, 419 Mass. 486, 494-495 (1995) ( ). Apart from the cases involving an unusual or distinctive modus operandi (like Helfant, Mamay and Feijoo), the cases in which joinder was approved often emphasize proximity in time as a critical element. Thus, in Gallison, the court reasoned that the abuse of the younger brother of the victim named in the indictment a nine year old female was admissible because it was similar in pattern and occurred over the same time period, thus "form[ing] a temporal and schematic nexus with the treatment of [the sister]." Commonwealth v. Gallison, supra at 673. The King decision, recognizing that it would be the first case in which that court permitted "evidence of a defendant's sexual conduct with a child not named in the indictment [to be admitted] in an action charging a sexual offense against the named child" (Commonwealth v. King, supra at 471), emphasized that the evidence fit the "temporal and schematic nexus" formulation of Gallison; that is to say, 1 Id. at 472. The King decision reiterated that "evidence of a separate sexual act with another person is inadmissible if it is unconnected in time, place, or other relevant circumstances to the particular sex offense for which the defendant is being tried," id. at 470, citing Welcome, supra at 70.
As joined, the instant case involved thirteen year old classmates of the defendant's daughter, Anne,2 who visited her and stayed overnight. The first to report improper activities to authorities was Kathy,3 allegedly molested the night of December 23-24, 1999. Kathy reported that during the afternoon, the defendant, alone with her in a small room, first grabbed her breast, and after having her count money, touched her side and slid his hand to her buttocks, pulled her toward him, then held her briefly. Later he drove Kathy and Anne to a fast-food restaurant and during the drive reached into the backseat to grab Kathy's legs. At some point he gave her twenty dollars. Back at home, he pulled her into the bathroom, touched her (through her clothing) on her breast, vaginal area, and buttocks, kissed her on the forehead, attempted to kiss her lips, then let her leave. That night, as Kathy was sleeping, fully clothed in the same bed with Anne, the defendant came in, woke her, and urged her without success to go downstairs with him. He then crawled on top of her three times, touching her breast and vaginal area. Kathy testified she could feel his penis through her clothing pressing against her buttocks. She disclosed these activities to her mother on December 24, but Kathy and her mother didn't approach authorities (first a school counselor, then the police) for several weeks.
The second complaint involved Rose,4 a friend of Anne's, who had slept over at the Pillai house often. Rose alleged that on one night in either July or August i.e., four or five months prior to the incidents involving Kathy she awoke around 2:30 A.M. to find the defendant, smelling of alcohol, hovering over her and feeling her breasts through a bra and T-shirt she was wearing. Even though she protested, the defendant persisted for a time in trying to lift her T-shirt. He then sat in the room and watched her for a while, even after she rolled over. Rose testified she told Anne several days later, who promptly changed the subject. (Anne denied being told.) Sometime after winter break, Rose learned from Anne that Kathy was making accusations against the defendant. Rose then talked to Kathy, who, although a schoolmate, was not previously an acquaintance. Rose volunteered that she too had been subject to the defendant's advances. Kathy encouraged Rose to "come forward" and Rose agreed.5 Rose had not previously reported the events alleged, even to her family.
These cases should not have been joined for trial. Evidence of the defendant's conduct with Kathy would have been inadmissible in the case based on Rose's allegations; so too, evidence of his conduct with Rose, in the case based on Kathy's allegations. See Commonwealth v. Barrett, 418 Mass. 788, 794 (1994); Commonwealth v. Jacobs, 52 Mass. App. Ct. 38, 42-43 (2001). In contrast to evidence of earlier bad acts involving the same parties, which is often "relevant to show the probable existence of the same passion or emotion at the time in issue," Commonwealth v. King, 387 Mas. at 470, quoting Commonwealth v. Bemis, 242 Mass. 582, 585 (1922), evidence of bad acts "by the defendant toward a child other than the complainant . . . , to be admissible, must be closely related in time, place, and form of acts to show a common course of conduct by the defendant toward the two children so as to be logically probative." Commonwealth v. Barrett, supra at 794, citing the King and Gallison cases. "In other words, the conduct towards the children must form a `temporal and schematic nexus' which renders the evidence admissible to show a common course of conduct regarding the two children." Ibid. See also Commonwealth v. Cogswell, 31 Mass. App. Ct. 691, 696 (1991) ( ); Commonwealth v. Lanning, 32 Mass. App. Ct. 279, 283 (1992) (...
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Com. v. Pillai
... Page 1160 ... 833 N.E.2d 1160 ... 445 Mass. 175 ... COMMONWEALTH ... Vasudevan PILLAI ... Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Norfolk ... Argued ... ...