Condra v. Atlanta Orthopaedic Group, P.C.

• Court: Georgia Supreme Court
• Writing for the Court: Hunstein
• Citation: Condra v. Atlanta Orthopaedic Group, P.C., 681 S.E.2d 152, 285 Ga. 667 (Ga. 2009)
• Decision Date: 29 June 2009
• Docket Number: No. S08G1833.,S08G1833.
• Parties: CONDRA et al. v. ATLANTA ORTHOPAEDIC GROUP, P.C. et al.

681 S.E.2d 152

285 Ga. 667

CONDRA et al. v. ATLANTA ORTHOPAEDIC GROUP, P.C. et al.

No. S08G1833.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

June 29, 2009.

Pope & Howard, Geoffrey E. Pope, Ralph I. Knowles, Jr., Atlanta, for appellants.

Huff, Powell & Bailey, Daniel J. Huff, Camille N. Jarman, Peters & Monyak, Robert P. Monyak, Jeffrey S, Bazinet, Atlanta, for appellees.

James D. Summerville, amicus curiae.

HUNSTEIN, Presiding Justice.

We granted certiorari to the Court of Appeals in this medical malpractice action to consider (1) whether plaintiffs were properly prohibited from inquiring at trial into the personal practices of defendants' expert witnesses with respect to the medical treatment at issue in the case; and (2) whether the so-called "hindsight" jury instruction was appropriately given under the circumstances presented. The Court of Appeals answered both questions in the affirmative. Condra v Atlanta Orthopaedic Group, P.C., 292 Ga. App. 276, 664 S.E.2d 281 (2008). We now reverse on both issues.

In May 1998, Daphyne Condra sought treatment for back, neck, and arm pain from orthopedist James Chappuis, M.D., who prescribed a 30-day regimen of the anti-convulsive drug Tegretol, followed by another 30-day regimen when her condition had not improved. Shortly after Condra began her second prescription, she began experiencing leg cramping and shortness of breath, leading ultimately to her hospitalization, where she was diagnosed with aplastic anemia, a rare and serious bone marrow disease. Condra and her husband sued Dr. Chappuis and his orthopedic group for medical malpractice, asserting that Tegretol had been an inappropriate drug choice for Condra and that Dr. Chappuis had been negligent in failing to conduct blood count monitoring during Condra's Tegretol therapy to detect any potential adverse reactions.

At trial, Condra's experts and treating hematologists opined that the Tegretol had caused Condra's aplastic anemia and that development of the disease could have been avoided had Dr. Chappuis conducted blood count monitoring during Condra's treatment. Specifically, they testified that conducting an initial "baseline" blood count prior to beginning the medication, followed by subsequent blood tests at regular intervals thereafter, may have alerted her care providers to a drop in white blood cells and in turn led to a discontinuation of the Tegretol and reversal of the development of the aplastic anemia. Condra's expert neurosurgeon further testified that the failure to conduct blood conduct monitoring was a breach of the standard of care.

Defense experts Richard Franco, M.D. and Peter Staats, M.D. acknowledged at trial that much of the medical literature recommends blood count monitoring during Tegretol therapy. They testified further, however, that such monitoring was, though a "reasonable" course of action, not "mandatory or essential"; that failure to conduct such monitoring did not constitute a breach of the standard of care; and that such monitoring, even if it had been conducted, would have been unlikely to detect development of the aplastic anemia at a point at which its development could have been arrested. During pretrial discovery, however, Dr. Franco had deposed that it was his usual practice to conduct blood count monitoring when he prescribed Tegretol.¹ Before trial, the defense moved in limine to prevent plaintiffs from inquiring at trial into these experts' personal practices, and the trial court granted the motion.

Also at trial, the court, over plaintiffs' objection, gave the so-called "hindsight" jury instruction:

I charge you that in the medical malpractice action the defendant cannot be found negligent on the basis of an assessment of a patient's condition that only later in hindsight proves to be incorrect as long as the initial assessment was made in compliance with reasonable standards of care. In other words, the concept of negligence does not include hindsight. Negligence consists of not foreseeing and guarding against that which is probable and likely to happen, not against that which is only remotely and slightly possible.

See Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. I: Civil Cases (5th ed.), § 62.311. Despite plaintiffs' objections that the charge was inapplicable to their case and that the last sentence thereof is an incorrect statement of the law, the trial court gave this instruction both during the initial jury charge and during a recharge the following day. The jury ultimately returned a defense verdict, and, on appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed. Condra, supra, 292 Ga.App. at 281, 664 S.E.2d 281.

1. Regarding the personal practices testimony of defendants' experts, the Court of Appeals upheld the trial court's decision to exclude such testimony by relying on the controlling authority of Johnson v. Riverdale Anesthesia Assocs., 275 Ga. 240, 563 S.E.2d 431 (2002). In Johnson, a majority of this Court held that testimony regarding a medical expert's personal practices was inadmissible both as substantive evidence regarding the applicable standard of care and as impeachment evidence. Id. at 241-242(1), (2), 563 S.E.2d 431. The Court reasoned that, because the applicable standard of care in medical malpractice actions refers to those practices employed by the medical profession generally rather than those employed by any individual provider, evidence as to an expert's personal practices is irrelevant in establishing the standard of care. Id. at 241-242(1), 563 S.E.2d 431. Because a witness may not be impeached with irrelevant facts or evidence, the Court held further that such evidence was not admissible for purposes of impeachment. Id. at 242(2), 563 S.E.2d 431.

Having considered the matter anew in light of recent statutory developments and the practice of other jurisdictions, we have determined that Johnson is no longer viable. Accordingly, we now overrule Johnson and hold that evidence regarding an expert witness' personal practices, unless subject to exclusion on other evidentiary grounds, is admissible both as substantive evidence and to impeach the expert's opinion regarding the applicable standard of care.

Our decision in this regard is predicated primarily on the fact that, subsequent to the Johnson decision, our Legislature enacted as part of its Tort Reform Act, Ga. L.2005, p. 1, § 7, a new statute governing admissibility of expert testimony in civil actions. OCGA § 24-9-67.1. This statute places particular emphasis on a proffered medical expert's professional experience and practice in assessing his or her qualification to serve as an expert witness:

... [I]n professional malpractice actions, the opinions of an expert, who is otherwise qualified as to the acceptable standard of conduct of the professional whose conduct is at issue, shall be admissible only if, at the time the act or omission is alleged to have occurred, such expert: ... had actual professional knowledge and experience in the area of practice or specialty in which the opinion is to be given as the result of having been regularly engaged in: ... [t]he active practice of such area of specialty of his or her profession for at least three of the last five years, with sufficient frequency to establish an appropriate level of knowledge, as determined by the judge, in performing the procedure, diagnosing the condition, or rendering the treatment which is alleged to have been performed or rendered negligently....

(Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 24-9-67.1(c)(2)(A). Thus, there can be no dispute as to the relevance, post-Tort Reform Act, of an expert's personal experience and practice to the threshold inquiry into the expert's qualifications.

Given the prominence of the expert's personal practice in this threshold inquiry, it would defy logic to find such experience categorically irrelevant in assessing the credibility of the expert's testimony. "[T]he jury is entitled to fully evaluate the credibility of the testifying expert, and the fact that an expert testifies that the standard of care does not require what that expert personally does in a similar situation may be a critical piece of information for the jury's consideration." Smethers v. Campion, 210 Ariz. 167, 108 P.3d 946, 956 (2005).

The relevance and importance of a medical expert's personal choice of a course of treatment is highly probative of the credibility of the expert's opinion concerning the standard of care. A jury is free to disregard the expert's opinion entirely and find that the standard of care is reflected by the course of treatment the expert would have chosen, a highly probable scenario if other evidence admitted in the case supports this proposition.... Permitting the expert to be cross-examined on a personal choice regarding course of treatment and why it would be different than the defendant-doctor allows a full examination of the expert's opinion on standard of care and the basis therefor.

(Footnotes omitted.) Overby et al., Trial Practice and Procedure, 51 Mercer L.Rev. 487, 501-502 (Fall 1999). Accord Bergman v. Kelsey, 375 Ill.App.3d 612, 313 Ill.Dec. 862, 873 N.E.2d 486, 507 (2007) ("a medical expert's personal practices may well be relevant to that...