Cook v. Department of Treasury

• Decision Date: 19 May 1998
• Docket Number: 197769,Docket Nos. 195436
• Parties: William J. COOK and Harriette C. Cook, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Revenue Division, DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY and State of Michigan, Defendants-Appellants. Clyde E. MILLER and Betty E. Miller, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

Page 696

583 N.W.2d 696

229 Mich.App. 653

William J. COOK and Harriette C. Cook, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Revenue Division, DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY and State of

Michigan, Defendants-Appellants.

Clyde E. MILLER and Betty E. Miller, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket Nos. 195436, 197769.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted Dec. 8, 1997, at Lansing.

Decided May 19, 1998, at 9:10 a.m.

Released for Publication Aug. 26, 1998.

Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone, P.L.C. (by Samuel J. McKim, III, Robert F. Rhoades, and Joanne B. Faycurry), Detroit, for the Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Kevin T. Smith, Assistant Attorney General, for the Defendant-Appellant.

Before O'CONNELL, P.J., and WHITE and BANDSTRA, JJ.

BANDSTRA, Judge.

In these consolidated appeals, the Michigan Department of Treasury (defendant) challenges orders issued by the Court of Claims in favor of the plaintiff taxpayers. We reverse.

Plaintiffs are involved in oil and gas exploration and development. They filed personal income tax returns and Michigan severance tax returns for several years before the issuance of Bauer v. Dep't of Treasury, 203 Mich.App. 97, 512 N.W.2d 42 (1993). Before Bauer, defendant treated oil and gas revenues as taxable under the Michigan Income Tax Act (ITA), M.C.L. § 206.1 et seq.; M.S.A. § 7.557(101) et seq. In Bauer, this Court concluded that the severance tax act's "in lieu of all other taxes" provision, M.C.L. § 205.315; M.S.A. § 7.365, clearly and unambiguously meant that oil and gas proceeds subject to severance tax are exempt from taxation as income. Accordingly, plaintiffs filed amended income tax returns for the years at issue. After exempting oil and gas gross proceeds from income, but still deducting oil and gas expenses, each of the amended returns reflected a net operating loss (NOL), which plaintiffs carried back to offset income in previous years and resulted in a claim for a refund. Defendant denied the refund claims, taking the position that the NOLs had been improperly calculated, and these lawsuits resulted.

The parties filed motions and cross-motions for summary disposition, there being no genuine issue of material fact but only questions of law regarding the proper interpretation of the applicable statutory sections. The Court of Claims decided in favor of plaintiffs and determined that they were entitled to the refunds resulting from their NOL calculations.

Defendant first argues that Bauer was wrongly decided and asks that we express our disagreement with its holding so that a special panel might possibly be convened under MCR 7.215(H) for the purpose of reversing Bauer. We decline this invitation. Pursuant to MCR 7.215(H), Bauer was followed by a panel of this Court in Cowen v. Dep't of Treasury, 204 Mich.App. 428, 516 N.W.2d 511 (1994), notwithstanding the opinion of two judges on the panel that Bauer was wrongly decided. This did not result in the convening of a special panel or reversal of Bauer under MCR 7.215(H). Further, our Supreme Court denied leave to appeal in both Bauer, 447 Mich. 979, 525 N.W.2d 450 (1994), and Cowen, 447 Mich. 980, 525 N.W.2d 450 (1994).

In addition, since Bauer was decided, the Legislature has had two opportunities to correct Bauer's understanding of the severance tax act if it was contrary to legislative intent. In 1994, the severance tax act was amended to add a provision to help finance the orphan well fund and the state general fund. 1994 P.A. 307, M.C.L. § 205.314(1)(a) and (b); M.S.A. § 7.364(1)(a) and (b), effective October 1, 1994. In 1996, the act was again amended to add a severance tax exemption for certain gas and oil products. 1996 P.A. 135, M.C.L. § 205.303(3); M.S.A. § 7.353(3), effective March 19, 1996. The Legislature is presumed to act with knowledge of appellate court statutory interpretations. Glancy v. Roseville, 216 Mich.App. 390, 394, 549 N.W.2d 78 (1996). We agree with plaintiffs that Bauer must be accepted as established law at least in our Court for purposes of these appeals. Therefore, we consider defendant's second argument starting with the Bauer holding.

Assuming under Bauer that oil and gas gross proceeds that are subject to the severance tax act are not properly taxable as income under the ITA, defendant argues on appeal that neither those proceeds nor any related expenses should be included in plaintiffs' NOL calculations. This is a question of law centering on various sections of the ITA, a matter that we review de novo. USAA Ins. Co. v. Houston General Ins. Co., 220 Mich.App. 386, 389, 559 N.W.2d 98 (1996).

In allowing taxpayers an NOL adjustment for the purpose of computing "taxable income," the Michigan ITA at the time relevant to these appeals referenced the federal Internal Revenue Code (IRC):

(l ) "Taxable income" means ... adjusted gross income as defined in the internal revenue code subject to the following adjustments:

* * * * * *

(o) Add, to the extent deducted in determining adjusted gross income, the net operating loss deduction under section 172 of the internal revenue code.

(p) Deduct a net operating loss deduction for the taxable year as defined in section 172 of the internal revenue code subject to the modifications under section 172(b)(2) of the internal revenue code and subject to the allocation and apportionment provisions of chapter 3 of this act for the taxable year in which the loss was incurred. [M.C.L. § 206.30(1)(o) and (p); M.S.A. § 7.557(130)(1)(o) and (p).]

Subsection 172(c) of the IRC defines an NOL:

Net operating loss defined.--For purposes of this section, the term "net operating loss" means the excess of the deductions allowed by this chapter over the gross income.... [26 U.S.C. § 172(c).]

The IRC further provides that certain deductions are not generally allowable:

General Rule.--No deduction shall be allowed for--

(1) Expenses.--Any amount otherwise allowable as a deduction which is allocable to one or more classes of income other than interest ... wholly exempt from the taxes imposed by this subtitle.... [26 U.S.C. § 265(a)(1).]

This limitation applies in determining deductions allowable in calculating an NOL.

For federal tax purposes, these provisions of the IRC are quite straightforward and easily applied to oil and gas gross proceeds because those proceeds are subject to federal income taxation. Specifically, oil and gas gross proceeds are included within federal "adjusted gross income" subject to any NOL deduction under § 172 of the IRC that might apply. Because oil and gas gross proceeds are not a class of income wholly exempt from the taxes imposed by the IRC, deductions for expenses incurred in generating those proceeds are not subject to the disallowance of 26 U.S.C. § 265(a)(1).

The central issue in this case is whether this same approach should be taken for purposes of the NOL provisions of subsection 30(l ) of the Michigan ITA, even though, because of Bauer, oil and gas gross proceeds are no longer subject to state income taxation. In other words, must expenses that are properly allocated to the production of oil and gas gross proceeds be excluded in calculating an NOL because those proceeds are exempt from tax under the ITA as determined in Bauer?

In answering this question, we are governed by the usual rules of statutory construction. "The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature." Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. v. Dep't of Treasury, 226 Mich.App. 624, 629, 575 N.W.2d 562 (1997). "When ascertaining legislative intent, the language of the statute should be given a reasonable construction, considering the statute's purpose and the object sought to be accomplished." Great Lakes Sales, Inc. v. State Tax Comm., 194 Mich.App. 271, 276, 486 N.W.2d 367 (1992).

In this case, our task is aided greatly by an ITA provision specifying legislative "intent" and "the object sought to be accomplished" by the statute:

It is the intention of this act that the income subject to tax be the same as taxable income as defined and applicable to the subject taxpayer in the internal revenue code, except as otherwise provided in this act. [M.C.L. § 206.2(3); M.S.A. § 7.557(102)(3).]

This statement of intent was useful to another panel of our Court in Preston v. Dep't of Treasury, 190 Mich.App. 491, 476 N.W.2d 455 (1991), which considered a related question regarding whether Michigan income tax taxpayers should receive a deduction for an NOL. ¹ Our Court reasoned that "[b]ecause the Internal Revenue Code defines adjusted gross income to include a deduction for an NOL, it, therefore, follows that the Michigan Income Tax Act allows an NOL deduction" through the operation of subsection 2(3). Id. at 495, 476 N.W.2d 455. In addition to allowing Michigan taxpayers an NOL deduction based on the IRC applied through subsection 2(3) of the Michigan ITA, the Court further reasoned that taxpayers could apply the NOL deduction using the carry-back and carry-forward provisions of the IRC as well. Id.

The logic of Preston is clear. Subsection 2(3) means that a Michigan taxpayer's "income subject to tax" is calculated in the same manner as it would be under the federal IRC, in the absence of an express provision of the Michigan ITA requiring a different result. ² As with the federal NOL and carry-forward/carry-back rules adopted for Michigan ITA purposes in Preston, we conclude that the federal disallowance of deductions allocable to income exempt from income taxation applies in this case. ³ Because plaintiffs' oil and gas gross proceeds are not subject to income taxation, they are not permitted to deduct expenses associated with the activity that generated those proceeds in calculating an NOL.

We find plaintiffs' arguments against that result to be wholly unconvincing. ⁴ Their basic argument rests on M.C.L....