Cook v. United States

• Citation: 354 F.2d 529
• Decision Date: 23 December 1965
• Docket Number: No. 19933.,19933.
• Parties: Richard L. COOK, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit)

354 F.2d 529 (1965)

Richard L. COOK, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 19933.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

December 23, 1965.

Claude Vibart Worrell, Sr. of Worrell, Miller, Whitaker & Niles, Los Angeles, Cal., for appellant.

Manuel L. Real, U. S. Atty., John K. Van DeKamp, Asst. U. S. Atty., Chief, Criminal Div., J. Brin Schulman, Asst. U. S. Atty., Asst. Chief, Criminal Div., Phillip W. Johnson, Asst. U. S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for appellee.

Before BARNES, BROWNING and DUNIWAY, Circuit Judges.

BARNES, Circuit Judge:

Appellant, with the three codefendants hereinafter named, was charged in Count I with conspiracy to smuggle marijuana into the United States, and to conceal or transport it therein. Count II charged defendant Escobedo with smuggling marijuana into the United States, and defendant Cook and co-defendants Da Costa and Johnson with aiding and abetting.

The case against Johnson was dismissed at the close of the government's case. The case against Da Costa was dismissed at the close of all evidence. The record does not disclose why Escobedo was not on trial.

Jurisdiction existed below pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 176a, 18 U.S.C. § 2, and § 3231, and exists here pursuant to 28 U.S. C. § 1291.

Errors alleged are five in number: (1) the refusal to grant paragraphs four and five of appellant's demand for a bill of particulars (further overt acts); (2) the refusal to grant a mistrial on the government's opening statement; (3) the refusal to disclose the name of the government informer; (4) the insufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction; and (5) the refusal to grant a motion for acquittal.

This case arose out of the unlawful importation by automobile, driven by defendant Escobedo, across the international border line between the United States and Mexico, at 9:00 P.M. on July 26, 1964, of fifty-four packages (ninety-two pounds) of marijuana. (Gov. Ex. 1) Appellant was not present at the border when the marijuana came across in Escobedo's Cadillac car. The search of the automobile at the border not only revealed the marijuana hidden therein, but a road map in the glove compartment, with two "X"s marking certain street locations near the city of Los Angeles. The Cadillac, with one package of marijuana still therein, was driven that night by custom officers to where one "X marked the spot" (908 Victor Street, Inglewood, California), and the automobile parked, and placed under surveillance.

At 2:00 P.M. on the next day — July 27th, 1964 — a second Cadillac, 1963 model approached the older parked Cadillac from the north; with defendant Da Costa driving, defendant Johnson in the front passenger seat, and defendant Cook in the rear seat. The second Cadillac paused beside the parked auto, then proceeded past it in a southerly direction. Shortly thereafter it returned and pulled abreast of the parked car. Appellant got out and entered the parked car, got out and walked to the second Cadillac, and then, with Da Costa, walked back to the parked older Cadillac, and Cook again entered it. When officers approached, the defendant Cook hurriedly left the parked auto, leaving the motor running, and ran north on Victor Street. When called upon to stop, he did; returned to the parked Cadillac and surrendered two marijuana cigarettes (Ex. 3) and two ordinary cigarettes, to the arresting officers.

The parked Cadillac was not an auto previously unknown to appellant, nor was the area where it was parked strange to him. He admitted he had told defendant Johnson that he (Cook) knew of an auto for sale (Tr. 155); that he would take Johnson to where it was parked; that he (Cook) was responsible for returning it to its owner, one Jake Du Bois. The latter had been seen by appellant two days before the arrest, but defendant Cook had never found Du Bois after the arrest so that he could be at the trial. There was testimony the car was registered to Fred Du Bois, a brother of Jake. Cook had worked on three houses in the area where the car was parked, and constructed the building at 908 Victor Street. Defendant Cook admitted he had driven this car before (Tr. 156). Jake had told him the keys to the car were in the ashtray. Cook denied he had admitted to Agent Eyman he (Cook) had driven this Cadillac from Los Angeles to Tijuana, Mexico, leaving it there (Tr. 163), all as Agent Eyman testified. (Tr. 98)

The customs officer testified he had received information from an informant that defendant Cook would drive this particular auto across the border, transporting marijuana. It was for this reason the vehicle was thoroughly searched.

Appellant demanded the name of the informer. The court declined to order the officers to reveal the informer's name, but they did testify he was neither Jake nor Fred Du Bois; nor any person residing in Los Angeles County.

Appellant's first point with respect to the government's failure to allege additional overt acts in reply to a demand for a bill of particulars, is without merit.

A defendant is not entitled to know all the evidence the government intends to produce, but only the theory of the government's case. Yeargain v. United States, 314 F.2d 881, 882 (9th Cir. 1963).

The purpose of a bill of particulars is to protect a defendant against a second prosecution for an inadequately described offense, and enable him to prepare an adequate defense. Remmer v. United States, 205 F.2d 277, 281 (9th Cir. 1953); United States v. Caserta, 199 F.2d 905 (3rd Cir. 1952).

The granting or refusing to grant a bill of particulars is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial court. Medrano v. United States, 285 F.2d 23 (9th Cir. 1960); Rodella v. United States, 286 F.2d 306, 310 (9th Cir. 1960).

No abuse of discretion appears in this instance.

The court's refusal to require the naming of the informer against appellant is likewise not error. The informer had no part in the crime, because all defendants participating were arrested and charged. Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 77 S.Ct. 623, 1 L.Ed.2d 639 (1957); Jones v. United States, 326 F.2d 124, 127 (9th Cir. 1963); Hurst v. United States, 344 F.2d 327 (9th Cir. 1965); Velarde-Villarreal v. United States, 354 F.2d 9 (9th Cir. 1965, decided November 29, 1965).

There was ample evidence, outlined above, to convict the appellant of aiding and abetting a conspiracy to smuggle marijuana across the border, and to justify the court's refusal to deny appellant's motion for acquittal. In other words, there was ample substantial evidence, direct and circumstantial, authorizing a trier of fact to convict.

This brings us to the second and fifth points, and the most difficult question raised by appellant — the refusal to grant a mistrial on the government's opening statement, or a motion for acquittal.

This issue arose when government counsel stated:

"We also will show that on an earlier date, approximately May 23, Mr. Cook\'s pick-up truck was viewed by officers, and at that time his pickup truck had marijuana seeds in the bed of the truck." (Tr. 14, lines 12-15.)

We assume that government counsel made this statement in good faith. He did not take it up at the side-bar, however, outside the presence of the jury. (Tr. 77-78) He suggested that codefendant Da Costa's previous possession "might go more to knowledge" of the defendant Da Costa, but, as the court immediately pointed out, "defendant Da Costa had never denied that he knew what marijuana is." The previous possession as to Da Costa was then dropped, and the court, outside the jury's presence, discussed defendant Cook's alleged previous possession of marijuana (Tr. 80-81) on or about May 20, 1964 (the corrected date). The offer of proof disclosed the truck was parked "in the open" "at the International Airport in Los Angeles"; and there was allegedly "about...