Coors Brewing Co. v. Calderon, Civil Case Number 02-1483(RJL).

• Decision Date: 06 September 2002
• Docket Number: Civil Case Number 02-1483(RJL).
• Citation: 225 F.Supp.2d 22
• Parties: COORS BREWING COMPANY, Plaintiff, v. Sila M. CALDERON, Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Columbia

Page 22

225 F.Supp.2d 22

COORS BREWING COMPANY, Plaintiff, v. Sila M. CALDERON, Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Defendant.

Civil Case Number 02-1483(RJL).

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

September 6, 2002.

Donald Mitchell Griswold, McDermott, Will & Emery, Washington, DC, for plaintiff.

Charles Justin Cooper, Cooper & Kirk, PLLC, Washington, DC, for defendant.

MEMORANDUM ORDER

LEON, District Judge.

On May 30, 2002, Governor Sila Calderon of Puerto Rico, defendant, signed into law a new beer tax law ("New Beer Tax").¹ The New Beer Tax amended the existing beer tax ("Old Beer Tax") by increasing the top rate and introducing a new graduated scale of rates based upon the level of production. For example, prior to the enactment of the New Beer Tax, all brewers who manufactured more than 31 million gallons in the preceding year were taxed at a general rate of $2.70 per gallon of beer produced; all others were taxed at a lower rate of $2.15 per gallon. The New Beer Tax, by contrast: (1) increased the tax rate to $4.05 per gallon for those who produced over 31 million gallons annually (2) retained the tax rate of $2.15 per gallon for those who manufactured less than 9 million gallons annually; and (3) added four categories in between with a new per gallon tax rate for each (i.e., 9 to 10 million ($2.36/gallon)); 10 to 11 million gallons ($2.57 per gallon); 11 to 12 million gallons ($2.78 per gallon) and 12 to 31 million gallons ($2.99 per gallon). The only brewer qualifying for the unchanged lower tax rate is the only brewery on the island of Puerto Rico: Cerveceria India.²

The new progressive tax for brewers went into effect on June 14, 2002. That same day, Coors and a group of off island beer distributors and brewers filed a challenge to the New Beer Tax's Special Exemption against, inter alia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Secretary of the Treasury of Puerto Rico, Cerveceria India, and CCI Beer Distributors in the local court of Puerto Rico, (i.e., the Court of First Instance) claiming that this unchanged tax rate of $2.15 per gallon for manufacturers who produced under 9 million annually was, in effect, a "Special Exemption" in violation of the Dormant Commerce Clause, of the U.S. Constitution. Plaintiffs in that case also filed an application for a preliminary injunction, similar to the one before this Court, asking the local court to order the Secretary of the Treasury to collect the $4.05 per gallon tax from all beer producers, regardless of gallonage produced.

As expected, the defendants in this Puerto Rico action moved to dismiss the off island distributors' case, and the local trial court held a hearing on July 23, 2002. Following that hearing, Coors decided to voluntarily dismiss itself from the case. Three days later, July 26, 2002, Coors filed the instant action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.

This Court was assigned that case on August 6, 2002. An oral argument on Coors' motions was set for August 8, 2002. At that argument Coors contended that the lengthy delays in the Puerto Rico court to date and the likelihood that any ruling would come too late to abate Coors' continuing irreparable injury had forced it to pursue relief here.³

Coors contends that rather than returning to the previous tax scheme and preserving the status quo, it needs an order from this Court directing Governor Calderon to require all producers to pay the full tax rate under the New Beer Tax: $4.05 per gallon. In effect, Coors is seeking an order imposing a flat tax rate on all beer producers. Moreover, Coors bases its request for this extraordinary relief upon an unproven factual assumption: that the recent change in the tax code is the cause of its alleged loss of market share in Puerto Rico since June 14, 2002.⁴

Although some amount of limited discovery would undoubtedly be necessary to evaluate the extent, if any, of this casual relationship, this Court is unable to reach the merits of Coors' temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction because it lacks subject matter jurisdiction under the Butler Act and Tax Injunction Act. Accordingly, for the reasons set forth below, plaintiff's applications for a temporary restraining order and for a preliminary injunction are denied, and its suit is dismissed with prejudice.

Subject Matter Jurisdiction Over the New Beer Tax

The Butler Act, 48 U.S.C. § 872, prohibits the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico from entertaining any suit "for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax imposed by the laws of Puerto Rico." The Tax Injunction Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1341, by comparison states that "district courts shall not enjoin, suspend, or restrain the assessment, levy, or collection of any tax under State law where a plain, speedy, and efficient remedy may be had in the courts of such State." While the Butler Act applies specifically to challenges of Puerto Rico's tax laws, the Tax Injunction Act applies more broadly to any challenge of a tax under state law. These statutes, however, have usually been construed in pari materia,⁵ and this case poses no reason to depart from that practice.

Coors maintains that neither the Butler Act, nor the Tax Injunction Act, prohibit this Court from exercising subject matter jurisdiction over its challenge to the constitutionality of the New Beer Tax. The plain language of the Butler Act, according to Coors, dictates that only the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico is precluded from hearing suits to restrain the imposition of Puerto Rico's tax laws. All other federal district courts, according to Coors, may properly exercise subject matter jurisdiction over constitutional challenges to Puerto Rico's tax laws. Moreover, Coors contends that the Tax Injunction Act does not prohibit a challenge in this or any other federal district court of Puerto Rico's tax laws, because Puerto Rico is not a "state", and its tax laws are not immune from review in the federal courts outside of Puerto Rico. For the following reasons, the Court rejects Coors' interpretation and application of the Butler and Tax Injunction Acts.

First, with respect to Coors' contention that the Butler Act should be construed literally to prohibit these types of challenges only in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico and not in the other District Courts of the United States, the Court believes that the practical impact of that interpretation of the Butler Act would directly undermine the legislative concern which prompted the passage of the Butler Act: the avoidance of the crippling effect of federal litigation on the fiscal operation of Puerto Rico.⁶ See United States Brewers Ass'n Inc., et al., v. Perez, 592 F.2d 1212, 1215 (1st Cir.1979), citing Tully v. Griffin, 429 U.S. 68, 73, 97 S.Ct. 219, 50 L.Ed.2d 227 (1976). Indeed as the First Circuit itself concluded: pursuing in any of the various district courts of the United States federal court litigation which seeks to either enjoin the imposition of a new tax or assess an equal tax on smaller producers, is bound to "disrupt the orderly collection and administration of state taxes." United States Brewers Ass'n, 592 F.2d at 1214.

Moreover, the importance of judicial restraint when presented with a challenge to state tax law is well settled and cannot be over stressed. In Tully v. Griffin, 429 U.S. 68, 73, 97 S.Ct. 219, 50 L.Ed.2d 227 (1976) the Supreme Court noted that courts have an "equitable duty" to refrain from involvement in state collection of taxes. The Tax Injunction Act is a longstanding reflection of that "policy of restraint". Id. Where a state acts under its constitutional authority to pass a tax, as Puerto Rico did here, then as Chief Judge Coffin said in U.S. Brewers: "[s]ound equity practice and a concern for interests of federalism" bar the type of injunctive relief being sought here.⁷

The Court does not find the application of these principles to the Tax Injunction Act to be any less applicable simply because Puerto Rico is a Commonwealth, rather than one of the fifty states. In fact, the Tax Injunction Act was applied in 35 Acres Associates v. Adams, 962 F.Supp. 687, 690 (D.Vi.1997), to preclude federal subject matter jurisdiction over a challenge to a tax law imposed by the Virgin Islands. While, as Coors points out, the court in 35 Acres did not expressly hold that United States territories are "states" for the purposes of the Tax Injunction Act, it determined that the Tax Injunction Act was nonetheless applicable because the same principles of federalism and equity that prevent challenges to state tax law from being brought in district court, necessarily preclude subject matter jurisdiction over a challenge to a territory's tax policy.⁸

The Butler Act and the Tax Injunction Act, construed together, evidence a strong legislative policy in favor of resolving challenges to local tax laws in local courts. This is especially true where, as here, a local court remedy in the Commonwealth's own courts is "plain, speedy and efficient."⁹ Coors has not maintained, nor could it, that Puerto Rico's courts do not provide an adequate opportunity for a full hearing and judicial determination of the controversy that is now before this Court.¹⁰ To wit, the Commonwealth's Court of First Instance held a hearing on July 23, 2002, the same day Coors voluntarily dismissed its suit in the Puerto Rico court. The claims of Coors' fellow producers and distributors were fully briefed and the court dismissed the plaintiffs' challenge to the New Beer Tax in an opinion filed August 16, 2002. Further, if the distributors are not satisfied with the determination of that Puerto Rico court, appellate review is available both in the Commonwealth's Supreme Court and in the Supreme Court of the United States.¹¹

Finally, Coors' argument that the Butler Act and Tax Injunction...