Corwin v. State

• Decision Date: 16 December 2011
• Docket Number: No. 79A04–1005–CR–296.,79A04–1005–CR–296.
• Citation: 962 N.E.2d 118
• Parties: Justin M. CORWIN, Appellant–Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee–Plaintiff.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

962 N.E.2d 118

Justin M. CORWIN, Appellant–Defendant,

v.STATE of Indiana, Appellee–Plaintiff.

No. 79A04–1005–CR–296.

Court of Appeals of Indiana.

Dec. 16, 2011.

Transfer Denied Mar. 9, 2012.

Andrew C. Searle, Tippecanoe County Public Defender, Lafayette, IN, Attorney for Appellant.

Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana, Wade James Hornbacher, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.

MAY, Judge.

Justin Corwin brings this interlocutory appeal challenging the denial of his motion to suppress evidence. A police officer discovered, during a Terry¹ stop, prescription medication for which Corwin did not have a valid prescription. Corwin raises the following two issues:

1. Whether the Fourth Amendment was violated when the officer continued to search Corwin after discovering Corwin was not the suspect for whom he was looking; and

2. Whether the Fourth Amendment was violated when the officer continued inspecting the pill bottle from Corwin's pocket when it was apparent that bottle was not a weapon.

We reverse.²

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On June 25, 2009, Officer Kevin Flynn of the West Lafayette Police Department's Narcotics Unit received information that Kyle Balser, a man for whom police had an active arrest warrant, was staying at an apartment in a building located at 3007 Fall Court. Officer Flynn received a general description of Balser, but did not have a photo of him. Officer Flynn could have obtained a photo from the computer in his car, but he was afraid Balser would escape if he took the five minutes necessary to obtain the photo.

As Officer Flynn walked toward the 3007 building, he saw Corwin exit the main entrance carrying a plastic laundry basket. Corwin set the laundry basket on the ground and paced on the sidewalk. From fifty yards away, Officer Flynn believed Corwin fit Balser's general description and decided to investigate. As Officer Flynn approached, a van pulled up, and Corwin climbed into the back seat of the van without his laundry basket. Officer Flynn approached the driver's side of the van and talked to the driver. Officer Flynn noted a passenger in the front seat and then turned his attention to Corwin, who was sitting in the back seat.

Officer Flynn asked Corwin for his name, but he did not respond; rather, Corwin put his hands in his pockets. Officer Flynn asked Corwin to exit the van, but he did not comply. Corwin ignored Officer Flynn's second request for his name and a second request that he step out of the van. Eventually Corwin exited the van, walked to the sidewalk, and sat down.

Because Corwin had put his hands in his pockets, Officer Flynn was concerned he had a weapon, and he ordered Corwin stand for a pat-down search for weapons. When Corwin stood, Officer Flynn noticed his clothes smelled of burnt marijuana. Officer Flynn found a folding knife in Corwin's pocket, then found a wallet, which he opened. The identification indicated the man was not Balser, but was Corwin. After finding the knife and wallet, Officer Flynn handcuffed Corwin and continued his pat-down search for weapons.

In the left-front pocket of Corwin's pants, Officer Flynn felt a circular object that he thought might be a weapon. Officer Flynn asked Corwin what the object was, but Corwin did not respond. Officer Flynn pulled the object out of Corwin's pocket, saw it was a prescription bottle, and then opened the bottle and saw twenty-one small white pills. The prescription bottle was missing the part of the tag containing the name of the person who received the prescription, but the remaining portion of the tag indicated the bottle contained a generic form of Xanax, which Officer Flynn knew to be a controlled substance.

Officer Flynn arrested Corwin, and the State charged him with Class C felony possession of a controlled substance.³ Corwin moved to suppress the pill bottle and its contents. The court denied Corwin's motion, saying:

An officer's authority to conduct a pat down search is dependent upon the nature and extent of his particular concern for his safety. Here, the officer was justified in conducting the initial search of the Defendant for his own safety and the subsequent pat down search where, among other factors, the Defendant kept his hands in his pockets and refused to provide Flynn his name when asked and that a weapon had already been found in the Defendant's front pocket, and that the Defendant had an odor associated with marijuana. In the situation presented here, the officer's search of the Defendant and subsequent seizure of the pill bottle and drugs was valid.

(App. at 46–47.) The court certified that order for interlocutory appeal, and we accepted jurisdiction.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. When a defendant alleges evidence was gathered illegally, the State bears the burden of proving the evidence was admissible. See Edwards v. State, 759 N.E.2d 626, 630 (Ind.2001).

A police officer may stop a person to investigate possible criminal behavior without the probable cause required for a search warrant if the officer has "a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the person has been, is, or is about to break the law." Wells v. State, 772 N.E.2d 487, 489 (Ind.Ct.App.2002). "Reasonable suspicion entails some minimal level of objective justification for making a stop, something more than unparticularized suspicion or hunch, but less than the level of suspicion required for probable cause." Scott v. State, 855 N.E.2d 1068, 1072 (Ind.Ct.App.2006). When evaluating whether an officer had reasonable suspicion, we consider the totality of the circumstances. Lampkins v. State,

682 N.E.2d 1268, 1271 (Ind.1997), modified on other grounds on reh'g 685 N.E.2d 698 (Ind.1997). If the facts known by the police at the time of the investigatory stop are such that a person of reasonable caution would believe the action taken was appropriate, the command of the Fourth Amendment is satisfied. Id. When we evaluate a determination of reasonable suspicion, we accept the trial court's factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Myers v. State, 839 N.E.2d 1146, 1150 (Ind.2005). The ultimate determination of reasonable suspicion, however, is a matter of law we review de novo. Id.

While conducting an investigatory stop, Terry permits an officer "to conduct a limited search of the individual's outer clothing for weapons if the officer reasonably believes the individual is armed and dangerous." Howard v. State, 862 N.E.2d 1208, 1210 (Ind.Ct.App.2007). The patdown is "strictly" for weapons and cannot be used as a means to detain a citizen at a Terry Stop "for a longer period than is required to resolve the suspicion" of criminal activity. State v. Hobbs, 933 N.E.2d 1281, 1286 (Ind.2010).

Corwin acknowledges the Fourth Amendment permitted Officer Flynn to stop him briefly to determine whether he was the man for whom police had an active arrest warrant. Corwin also concedes his behavior justified a pat-down search for weapons. Corwin argues, however, that Officer Flynn's search should have ended before the officer discovered the prescription drugs.

1. When the Wallet Identified Corwin

Corwin first asserts Officer Flynn no longer had a legitimate reason to continue his frisk for weapons after finding his wallet and learning he was not Balser. The trial court found four circumstances justified Officer Flynn's continued frisk: Corwin put his hands in his pockets, he had a folding knife in his pocket, he smelled of burnt marijuana,⁴ and he had refused to provide his name. Although Corwin was not Balser, based on the totality of the circumstances, including those found by the trial court, we believe a reasonably prudent person in Officer Flynn's situation would want to know, for the safety of himself and others in the area, that Corwin did not have any weapons that might create a dangerous situation as police continued their search for Balser. See, e.g., Terry, 392 U.S. at 27, 88 S.Ct. 1868 ("The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger."). Thus, we decline to hold Officer Flynn's continued search of Corwin after finding his wallet violated the permissible scope of a frisk for weapons under Terry.

2. When the Bottle Was Not a Weapon

Corwin also argues Officer Flynn's actions, after discovering the round object was a pill bottle, exceeded the proper scope of a frisk for weapons under Terry. During such a frisk, if an officer "finds something that feels like a weapon, he can reach inside the clothing and check to see if it is a weapon." Shinault, 668 N.E.2d at 278 (officer properly removed bag of marijuana from defendant's pocket during Terry frisk because officer had not been able to "immediately eliminate the possibility that the tightly rolled plastic bag ... was not some sort of dangerous weapon").

If an officer "feels an object whose contour or mass makes its identity immediately apparent" as non-threatening contraband, the warrantless seizure of that contraband "would be justified by the same practical considerations that inhere in the plain view context." See Parker v. State, 697 N.E.2d 1265, 1267–8 (Ind.Ct.App.1998) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 375–76, 113 S.Ct. 2130, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993) ). However, the object's identity as contraband must be "immediately apparent or instantaneously ascertainable. Merely suspecting the nature of an object is insufficient." Id. at 1268. See also Barfield v. State, 776 N.E.2d 404, 407 (Ind.Ct.App.2002) (removal of cigarette box from defendant's pocket exceeded Terry frisk when testimony did not support finding the officer immediately believed the item was contraband or a weapon).

Finally, Terry "does not, without more, authorize the examination...