Cox v. Wyrick

• Decision Date: 25 February 1981
• Docket Number: No. 80-1462,80-1462
• Citation: 642 F.2d 222
• Parties: Donald Garfield COX, Appellant, v. Donald WYRICK, Warden, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 222

642 F.2d 222

Donald Garfield COX, Appellant, v. Donald WYRICK, Warden, Appellee.

No. 80-1462.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Dec. 11, 1980.

Decided Feb. 25, 1981.

Robert O. Appleton, Jr., Clayton, Mo., court-appointed, for appellant.

John Ashcroft, Atty. Gen., Michael H. Finkelstein, Asst. Atty. Gen., argued, Jefferson City, Mo., for appellee.

Before HEANEY, ROSS and McMILLIAN, Circuit Judges.

ROSS, Circuit Judge.

Donald Garfield Cox appeals the district court's ¹ denial of his application pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 for a writ of habeas corpus. We affirm.

Petitioner Cox, a Missouri state prisoner, was convicted of murder in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County, Missouri, on December 6, 1974. His conviction was affirmed on appeal, State v. Cox, 542 S.W.2d 40 (Mo.App.1976), and his Rule 27.26 motion denied. Cox v. State, 578 S.W.2d 54 (Mo.App.1978). Cox thereafter filed the instant petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

The district court denied Cox's application and he now appeals, contending: (1) that a sanction order issued by the trial judge had the effect of unconstitutionally precluding Cox from testifying on his own behalf at trial, and (2) that Cox was denied his sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel at the state trial.

I

The sanction order was the result of Cox's refusal to fully respond to the state's pretrial motion pursuant to Missouri Rule of Criminal Procedure 25.34(A)(5) ² to produce, inter alia, the names and addresses of witnesses to any alibi defense as well as the location of such alibi defense. Cox's answer, in pertinent part, explained that he intended to rely on an alibi defense, but that the location where he claimed to have been was uncertain. He refused to disclose the names and addresses of any witnesses to establish that alibi "other than all state's witnesses."

Because of the vagueness of Cox's answer, the state moved to compel ³ Cox to notify it of any intent to rely on the defense of alibi, the location where the defendant claimed to have been, and the names and addresses of any witnesses to establish the alibi. Through his attorney, Cox responded that "the defense may assert that Defendant was not present at the scene of the crime when it occurred. His location is uncertain. Other than the Defendant, should he testify, I have no witnesses or addresses to give you."

As a sanction for his refusal to supply the prosecution with the requested alibi information, the trial court issued a preclusion order preventing Cox from testifying as to his location at the time of the alleged murder. Cox did not testify on his own behalf at trial, although the state introduced a videotaped statement made by Cox when he was arrested. In that videotape Cox stated that he was driving a car with a girlfriend at the time of the murder. When asked the name of the girlfriend, Cox replied, "It's a girl, I'd rather not say, cause she's married." The trial judge then addressed Cox from the bench. Cox was informed that he had the absolute right to take the stand. He was advised, however, that if he chose to testify, the prosecution had every right to bring out on cross-examination two prior convictions. In addition, Cox was reminded of the court's ruling precluding him from testifying as to his whereabouts on the day of the murder.

Before instructing the jury, the trial judge again addressed Cox and his attorney concerning Cox's refusal to disclose his alibi location and witnesses. He asked, "Mr. Cox, I understand at this time that you have decided that you are not going to testify in your own defense, is that correct, sir?" Cox replied, "Yes sir." The judge then asked, "Is that your decision based solely or partly on that Order?" Cox replied, "Under the advisement of my attorney sir." Cox's attorney responded "Your Honor, on the basis of the Order to Produce particular places where he was." The defense attorney later remarked that he wanted to test this area of the law. Cox acknowledged that he agreed with his lawyer's advice not to testify. The defense also made clear that it did not offer or ask the court to give an alibi instruction.

At an evidentiary hearing on his petition, Cox testified that he did not consent to his attorney's refusal to comply with the prosecution's motion to compel notification of the alibi information. Although Cox wanted to withhold the name of the married woman he claimed he was with at the time of the murder, he asserted that he would have identified the woman had he known that withholding that information would result in the preclusion order.

Cox's attorney, on the other hand, testified that Cox had decided not to testify "long before the issue of the preclusion order" arose. He also testified that Cox was familiar with the criminal justice system and that Cox was aware of the possible consequences of his failure to respond to the request to produce the alibi information. The attorney testified that he and Cox mutually decided not to answer the order for the production of alibi evidence. When Cox's attorney was asked whether he suggested that the trial judge impose a sanction other than a preclusion order, the attorney stated "Oh, absolutely not," indicating that "it was trial strategy."

The magistrate found that

Cox's decision not to testify and not to respond to the prosecutor's request for information and the trial court's order to provide information was the result of a personal and deliberate choice by Cox with the advice of counsel. Therefore, Cox decided not to testify in his own behalf for strategic and tactical reasons other than the trial court's alibi evidence preclusion order. For this reason, Cox is entitled to no habeas relief upon this constitutional claim.

The district court approved and adopted the magistrate's findings of fact and conclusions of law. After a thorough review of the record, we are convinced that the district court's findings are supported by the evidence and are not clearly erroneous. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). Brown v. Swenson, 487 F.2d 1236, 1241 (8th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 944, 94 S.Ct. 1952, 40 L.Ed.2d 296 (1974).

Petitioner acknowledges that the Missouri Rules of Criminal Procedure appear to comport with fifth amendment constitutional standards because the rule grants reciprocal discovery. See Wardius v. Oregon, 412 U.S. 470, 479, 93 S.Ct. 2208, 2214, 37 L.Ed.2d 82 (1973) (statute for criminal discovery held unconstitutional because state not required to grant reciprocal discovery), and Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78, 85-86, 90 S.Ct. 1893, 1897-1898, 26 L.Ed.2d 446 (1970) (Florida notice-of-alibi statute held constitutional since defendant was permitted reciprocal discovery). ⁴

Nonetheless, Cox contends that the preclusion order deprived him of his due process guarantees under the sixth amendment. Those guarantees include the right to "be present with counsel, have an opportunity to be heard, be confronted with witnesses against him, have the right to cross-examine, and to offer evidence of his own." Specht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 605, 610, 87 S.Ct. 1209, 1212, 18 L.Ed.2d 326 (1967). None of those guarantees were abridged in the instant case.

Cox was not precluded by any order of the court from taking the stand. Indeed, the trial court's order merely precluded Cox from testifying as to his location or movements and the name of a witness with whom he claimed to be at the time of the alleged murder. Cox made no offer of proof as to any alibi and requested no alibi instruction from the court. Our review of the record convinces us that Cox decided not to testify for reasons of trial strategy unrelated to and in advance of the trial judge's issuance of the preclusion order. Under these circumstances, it is not essential for our disposition of this case to determine the validity of a restrictive order precluding limited testimony by a defendant under Rule 25.45 and whether that preclusion violated the defendant's constitutional right to present a defense and testify in his own behalf.

II

Cox raises nine grounds in support of his contention that his trial attorney rendered ineffective assistance of counsel. Many of these claimed acts of incompetence are raised for the first time on this appeal and hence, are not cognizable by this court. Young v. Arkansas, 533 F.2d 1079, 1080 (8th Cir. 1976). It is the rule in this circuit that "when a petition contains both unexhausted claims and unrelated, exhausted claims, the district court should determine those issues which have been exhausted." Triplett v. Wyrick, 549 F.2d 57, 59 (8th Cir. 1977). We therefore review the two claims of ineffective assistance of counsel considered by the district court: (1) that Cox's attorney failed to preserve as error the admission of a mugshot into evidence and (2) that Cox's trial counsel failed to interview, endorse, and call to testify two alibi witnesses whose testimony "could have effected (sic) whether or not (petitioner) would have testified."

Ineffective assistance of counsel is established where trial counsel "does not exercise the customary skills and diligence that a reasonably competent attorney would perform under similar circumstances." United States v. Easter, 539 F.2d 663, 666 (8th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 844, 98 S.Ct. 145, 54 L.Ed.2d 109 (1977); Word v. United States, 604 F.2d 1127, 1130 (8th Cir. 1979). Counsel is presumed to be competent, Thomas v. Wyrick, 535 F.2d 407, 413 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 868, 97 S.Ct. 178, 50 L.Ed.2d 148 (1976). Petitioner must therefore "shoulder a heavy burden" to override this presumption. Id. Finally, in suits alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, "(o)nce the claim is raised judges must still make a legal judgment as to whether, in face of the allegations made and the proof adduced, the defendant was materially prejudiced in the defense of his case by the actions or inactions...