Cross v. United States
Decision Date | 26 March 1964 |
Docket Number | No. 17596-17597.,17596-17597. |
Citation | 335 F.2d 987,118 US App. DC 324 |
Parties | Harold S. CROSS, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee. John L. JACKSON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit |
Mr. Leonard Braman, Washington, D. C.(appointed by this court) for appellant in No. 17596.
Mr. James R. Stoner, Washington, D. C.(appointed by this court) for appellant in No. 17597.
Mr. William H. Willcox, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Messrs. David C. Acheson, U. S. Atty., and Frank Q. Nebeker, Asst. U. S. Atty., were on the brief, for appellee.Mr. Barry Sidman, Asst. U. S. Atty., also entered an appearance for appellee.
Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, and BASTIAN and WRIGHT, Circuit Judges.
In a joint indictment, appellants were charged in Count I with robbery of a church rectory on February 23, 1962, and in Count II with robbery of a tourist home on May 2, 1962.Both appellants filed pretrial motions for severance of the counts.1The motions were denied.2The jury returned verdicts of guilty on Count I and not guilty on Count II.Appellants' chief contention on these appeals is that the District Court erred in refusing to sever the counts for trial.
We need not decide whether the joinder here of two offenses and two defendants was proper under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, because we think that, in any event, severance of the counts for trial was required by Rule 14.
Rule 14 provides:
"If it appears that a defendant * * * is prejudiced by a joinder of offenses * * * for trial together, the court may order an election or separate trials of counts * * * or provide whatever other relief justice requires."
Dunaway v. United States, 92 U.S.App. D.C. 299, 300-01, 205 F.2d 23, 24(1953).See alsoDrew v. United States, 118 U.S. App.D.C. ___, 331 F.2d 85.
Prejudice may develop when an accused wishes to testify on one but not the other of two joined offenses which are clearly distinct in time, place and evidence.His decision whether to testify will reflect a balancing of several factors with respect to each count: the evidence against him, the availability of defense evidence other than his testimony, the plausibility and substantiality of his testimony, the possible effects of demeanor, impeachment, and cross-examination.3But if the two charges are joined for trial, it is not possible for him to weigh these factors separately as to each count.4If he testifies on one count, he runs the risk that any adverse effects will influence the jury's consideration of the other count.Thus he bears the risk on both counts, although he may benefit on only one.Moreover, a defendant's silence on one count would be damaging in the face of his express denial of the other.Thus he may be coerced into testifying on the count upon which he wished to remain silent.5It is not necessary to decide whether this invades his constitutional right to remain silent, since we think it constitutes prejudice within the meaning of Rule 14.
In the present casethe appellants did not specify at trial the counts upon which they wished to remain silent and why.It does appear that, when the trial court asked Cross whether he wished to testify in his own behalf, Cross answered: "Which case, Your Honor?"During the extended colloquy which followed,6 Cross repeatedly tried, without his counsel's assistance,7 to elaborate upon his objections to the joinder.But the court seems to have precluded this by insisting that the issue of joinder had been determined in the pre-trial denial of severance and by demanding a categorical answer to its original query.8Thereafter the court applied the same ruling to Jackson.9
An examination of Cross' testimony on both counts supports his claim in this court that he wished to testify on Count II and remain silent on Count I.His testimony on Count II was that he was a victim and not a cohort of the armed robbers who entered the tourist home behind him.This testimony, which met the Government's case directly, was so convincing that the jury believed it despite the prosecutor's efforts at cross-examination and impeachment.On Count I, however, his denial was plainly evasive and unconvincing.He testified that he had been drinking heavily and did not know his whereabouts at the time of the church robbery.On cross-examination he was open to questioning concerning his generally tawdry way of life and his prior convictions.
Thus it would appear that Cross had ample reason not to testify on Count I and would not have done so if that count had been tried separately.In a separate trial of that count the jury would not have heard his admissions of prior convictions and unsavory activities; nor would he have been under duress to offer dubious testimony on that count in order to avoid the damaging implication of testifying on only one of the two joined counts.10Since the joinder embarrassed and confounded Cross in making his defense, the joinder was prejudicial within the meaning of Rule 14.
We do not agree with the Government that under Dunaway v. United States, 92 U.S.App.D.C. 299, 205 F.2d 23(1953), this prejudice must be deemed cured by the acquittal on Count II.In that case three counts of housebreaking and two counts of larceny had been tried together.The trial court directed acquittals on the larceny counts, and the jury acquitted the defendant of one of the housebreaking counts.On appeal, we questioned whether "the jury acquittal, considered either alone or with the directed acquittals of larceny, disposes of the claim of prejudice due to the consolidation."11But since it appeared that Dunaway "had a fair choice to take the stand or not uninfluenced to any significant degree by the consolidation,"12we affirmed the conviction on the ground that no prejudice could be shown.In the present casewe think our discussion of the proceedings below shows that Cross had no such "fair choice" and that the resulting prejudice on Count I was not cured by the acquittal on Count II.
The record does not provide so much substantiation for Jackson's claim in this court that he, too, was confounded in his defense by the joinder of counts.But, like Cross, he had no opportunity below to establish his claim.13We cannot say that it is meritless.And the record does not foreclose the view that Jackson may have been prejudiced because Cross was coerced by the joinder to testify on Count I.If that count had been severed for trial, the jury would not have heard Cross' self-defeating testimony.It might therefore have given greater credence to Jackson's strong alibi defense.14Cross' testimony was offered as a result of the trial court's error in refusing his request for severance of the offenses.Thus the prejudice to Jackson must be deemed to have resulted from the same error."It would be unjust and illogical to separate the two cases and uphold the judgment as to one defendant and reverse it as to the other."15
We find it unnecessary to discuss the other issues raised on this appeal.The judgments on Count I are vacated and the cases are remanded to the District Court for a new trial on that count.
So ordered.
I would affirm the judgments of the District Court.The evidence as to appellants' guilt under Count 1 of the indictment was overwhelming.The majority require a new trial, however, because they feel that the appellants were confounded in making their defenses by the joinder of the two counts, and thus were prejudiced within the meaning of Rule 14,Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.I disagree.
Rule 14 provides:
"If it appears that a defendant or the government is prejudiced by a joinder of offenses or of defendants in an indictment or information or by such joinder for trial together, the court may order an election or separate trials of counts, grant a severance of defendants or provide whatever other relief justice requires."
As a general rule, acquittal on one of several counts in an indictment cures any defect of misjoinder under Rule 14, Gornick v. United States, 320 F.2d 325(10th Cir.1963), thereby precluding any successful claim of prejudice on appeal.United States v. O'Brien, 319 F.2d 437(7th Cir.1963);United States v. Rabin, 316 F.2d 564, 568(7th Cir.1963).
Similarly, in Dunaway v. United States, 92 U.S.App.D.C. 299, 205 F.2d 23(1953), this court rejected a claim of prejudice resulting from consolidation of three indictments in a single trial.The jury there had acquitted the defendant on one charge of housebreaking and convicted him on two others.On appeal, we said 92 U.S.App.D.C. at 302, 205 F.2d at 26:
* * *"1
In Monroe v. United States, 98 U.S. App.D.C. 228, 234 F.2d 49, cert. denied,352 U.S. 873, 77 S.Ct. 94, 1 L.Ed.2d 76(1963), involving appeals from convictions in a trial of multiple defendants on a nineteen-count indictment, we said:
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State v. Loeschke
...Cross. In United States v. Scivola , a case raising arguments similar to those made by Loeschke, the First Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that:The facts in Cross are distinguishable from those in this case. The defendant in
Crosschose to testify at his trial notwithstanding the refusal of the district court to grant his severance motion. Thus, by referring to certain of the questions directed at him and his answers, he was able to demonstrate tangibly howU.S. 965, 91 S. Ct. 367, 27 L. Ed. 2d 384 (1970). Other courts have also distinguished Cross. In United States v. Scivola , a case raising arguments similar to those made by Loeschke, the First Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that:The facts in Crossare distinguishable from those in this case. The defendant in Cross chose to testify at his trial notwithstanding the refusal of the district court to grant his severance motion. Thus, by referring to certain of theaccused in making his defense." Id. This standard appears to be far below the high standard of substantial prejudice that constitutes denial of a fair trial as is required to prohibit joinder under our existing law.[¶33.] Furthermore, the Crosscourt later clarified its decision in Baker v. United States , 401 F.2d 958, 977 (D.C. Cir. 1968) (stating that a defendant must make a convincing showing that "he has both important testimony to give concerning one count... -
U.S. v. Phillips
...indicted in one indictment for two counts of robbery. The robberies had occurred at different places and approximately two months apart. The court determined that severance was required under F.R.Crim.P. 14 " . . . when an accused wishes to testify on one but not the other of Two joined offenses which are clearly distinct in time, place and evidence." (Emphasis added.) In our present case, we are dealing with one offense committed under circumstances requiring a more severe penalty.
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Allen v. US
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...others. Upon a sufficient showing of such prejudice, severance of counts may be required even where, as here, the criterion of mutual admissibility of the evidence in separate trials is met. See
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