Crosswhite v. United States

• Decision Date: 16 December 1966
• Docket Number: No. 19-64.,19-64.
• Citation: 369 F.2d 989
• Parties: Bert CROSSWHITE and Virginia Crosswhite v. The UNITED STATES.
• Court: U.S. Claims Court

369 F.2d 989 (1966)

Bert CROSSWHITE and Virginia Crosswhite v. The UNITED STATES.

No. 19-64.

United States Court of Claims.

December 16, 1966.

Robert Briggs, Portland, Or., attorney of record, for plaintiffs.

Saylor L. Levitz, Washington, D. C., with whom was Asst. Atty. Gen. Mitchell Rogovin, for defendant. Lyle M. Turner and Philip R. Miller, Washington, D. C., of counsel.

Before COWEN, Chief Judge, and LARAMORE, DURFEE, DAVIS and COLLINS, Judges.

ON PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND DEFENDANT'S CROSS-MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

COWEN, Chief Judge.

On the basis of stipulated facts, both parties have filed motions for summary judgment in this action to recover income taxes paid by plaintiffs. The taxpayers, husband and wife, urge that gains from the sale of various parcels of real estate should be accorded capital gains treatment. The defendant would have us hold that the facts bring the case within the exclusionary language of Section 1221 (1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C. § 1221(1), 1958 ed.); that the land was "held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business." Our reasoning coincides with this latter interpretation and we find, therefore, that the taxpayers are not entitled to the refund sought.¹

Over a span of approximately 2½ years, plaintiffs subdivided and developed five tracts of real estate and sold a total of 168 lots.² During this period, they were also the sole stockholders of an excavating company, a sand and gravel company, and a redi-mix concrete company.

We begin with the recognized principle that the "benefit" of capital gains treatment connotes no more than the term itself — an exception to the normal tax structure. "The definition of a capital asset must be narrowly applied and its exclusions interpreted broadly." Corn Products Refining Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 350 U.S. 46, 52, 76 S.Ct. 20, 24, 100 L.Ed. 29 (1955); see also Cranford v. United States, 338 F.2d 379, 383, 168 Ct.Cl. 46, 53 (1964). The statutory scheme of Section 1221 contemplates a distinction between appreciation in the value of property which accrues with the passage of time and profits and losses which arise from the regular conduct of a business venture. Malat v. Riddell, 383 U.S. 569, 572, 86 S.Ct. 1030, 16 L.Ed.2d 102 (1966). Taxpayers, in asserting that their property was held in the traditional sense of an investment, must sustain their burden of demonstrating that the real estate falls outside the broad scope of "property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course" of their trade or business.

Recently, the Supreme Court focused upon the term "primarily" as it appears in Section 1221(1) and declared it to be synonymous with "of first importance" or "principally." Malat v. Riddell, supra. The facts as agreed upon by the taxpayers fit quite comfortably into such a construction. It is conceded, with regard to four of the tracts, that they were acquired "for the purpose of improving, subdividing and selling the property." Each was "purchased for resale" and even the parcel which was acquired originally as an investment in 1957 changed its character in 1961 and was held thereafter for resale.³ By their own admissions, therefore, taxpayers have dealt a damaging blow to their position that the property was not held "principally" for sale.

As the language of Judge Whitaker in Miller v. United States, 339 F.2d 661, 663-664, 168 Ct.Cl. 498, 504 (1965) indicates, a more detailed list of judicial criteria has evolved from similar cases:

A few tests have been thought to be helpful, such as the purpose for which the property was acquired, the motive for selling it, the taxpayer\'s method of selling the land, his income from the sale of it compared with his other income, the extent of the improvements made to facilitate the sale of it, the frequency and continuity of sales, and the time and effort expended by taxpayer in promoting the sales in relation to his other activities.

See also Lazarus v. United States, 172 F.Supp. 421, 145 Ct.Cl. 541 (1959); McConkey v. United States, 130 F.Supp. 621, 131 Ct.Cl. 690 (1955); Di Lisio v. Vidal, 233 F.2d 909 (10th Cir. 1956). It has already been shown that the taxpayers acquired the property, not with a view primarily toward investment, but for the purpose of resale. With regard to the motives underlying the sale of the tracts, taxpayers argue that they hoped to thereby increase sales for their three related corporations. That they were desirous of enhancing the other enterprises, however, is of limited significance if they were engaged in the business of selling real estate. Individuals may conduct more than one business at a time and each will be taxed accordingly. Nadalin v. United States, 364 F.2d 431, 438, 176 Ct.Cl. ___ (July 1966); Houston Deepwater Land Co. v. Scofield, 110 F.Supp. 394, 398 (S.D.Texas 1952).

Nor have the taxpayers been able to bring themselves within one of the "liquidation" situations, since the subdivision and sale of the property were not prompted by the necessity to liquidate inherited or unwanted investments, or to raise funds to satisfy the needs of other businesses. See, e. g., Nadalin, supra, 364 F.2d at 437; Gordon v. United States, 159 F.Supp. 360, 365, 141 Ct.Cl. 883, 892 (1958).

We recognize that the taxpayers engaged in no advertising or promotions with respect to the sales. But this fact is overshadowed by their solicitation of buyers, their individual involvement in the five sales transactions, and the fact that all of the lots were conveyed to only two residential homebuilders, both of whom were personal acquaintances of the taxpayer-husband. Relevant, too, was the taxpayers' failure to retain independent brokers. Oahu Sugar Co. v. United States, 300 F.2d 773, 778, 156 Ct.Cl. 546, 555 (1962); Lazarus v. United States, supra, 172 F.Supp. at 425, 145 Ct.Cl. at 548; Smith v. Dunn, 224 F.2d 353, 357 (5th Cir. 1955).

A comparison of the taxpayers' gain from the disposition of real estate with their other income reveals that the former exceeded the latter for 3 years (1961, 1962, and 1963).⁴ Still another comparison...