Data Mktg. P'ship, LP v. U.S. Dep't of Labor
| Decision Date | 28 September 2020 |
| Docket Number | Civil Action No. 4:19-cv-00800-O |
| Citation | 490 F.Supp.3d 1048 |
| Parties | DATA MARKETING PARTNERSHIP, LP et al., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR et al., Defendants. |
| Court | U.S. District Court — Northern District of Texas |
Reginald L. Snyder, Allen W. Nelson, Pro Hac Vice, Bryan Jacoutot, Pro Hac Vice, Jonathan D. Crumly, Sr., Pro Hac Vice, Taylor English Duma LLP, Atlanta, GA, Michael L. Jones, Henry & Jones LLP, Addison, TX, for Plaintiffs.
Galen N. Thorp, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Defendants.
Before the Court are Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction ("TRO Motion") and Brief in Support (ECF Nos. 10–11), filed February 3, 2020; Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment and Brief in Support (ECF Nos. 23–24), filed February 19, 2020; Defendants’ Cross Motion for Summary Judgment, Responses to Plaintiffs’ TRO Motion and Motion for Summary Judgment, and Combined Brief in Opposition (ECF Nos. 25–28), filed March 9, 2020; Plaintiffs’ Consolidated Reply Brief in Support of Summary Judgment and Injunction as well as Opposition to Defendants’ Cross Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 29), filed April 6, 2020; Plaintiffs’ Reply (ECF No. 30), filed April 7, 2020; and Defendants’ Reply (ECF No. 36), filed April 24, 2020. After reviewing the briefing, factual record, and relevant law, and for the following reasons, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment and DENIES Defendants’ Cross Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction is DENIED as moot.
Data Marketing Partnership ("DMP") is a Texas limited partnership that specializes in the production and sale of its limited partners’ ("Limited Partners") electronic data to third party purchasers. LP Management Services, LLC ("LPMS") is the general partner of DMP. This case arises out of an adverse advisory opinion (the "Department's Opinion") issued by the Department of Labor (the "Department") in response to a request (the "Request") by LPMS. LPMS requested confirmation from the Department that the proposed plan (the "Plan") is governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1) (West 2019) ("ERISA") as a single-employer welfare benefit plan and that DMP's Limited Partners are "participants" as defined by ERISA. In response, the Department's Opinion concluded that the Plan is not governed by any title of ERISA, the limited partners are not "participants," and that one common-law employee is not a sufficient basis for the Plan to cover any number of Limited Partners.
Plaintiffs, DMP and LPMS (sometimes collectively, "Plaintiffs"), filed this lawsuit to challenge the Department's Opinion. The facts are largely undisputed.1 The key issues are (1) whether the Plan is a single-employer welfare benefit plan, (2) whether the Limited Partners are "working owners" and bona-fide partners such that they are "participants" under ERISA, and (3) whether any number of Limited Partners may participate in an ERISA plan alongside at least one common-law employee.
The Court finds the Limited Partners are working owners and bona-fide partners. As such, the Limited Partners may participate in the Plan if at least one common-law employee is covered by the Plan. The Department's Opinion is arbitrary and capricious under the APA and contrary to law under ERISA. Accordingly, Defendants are enjoined from refusing to acknowledge the ERISA-status of the Plan and refusing to recognize the Limited Partners as working owners of DMP.
DMP is a limited partnership with thousands of limited partners and one general partner. Compl. 1, ECF No. 1. The primary business purpose of DMP is data marketing. Id. Specifically, the Request stated that:
[Limited Partners] install specific software which, among other things, tracks the capture of such data by other companies, such as Google or Facebook, and provides access of such data to [DMP]. [DMP] then decides how such data is used and sold to third-party marketing firms, generating revenue. [Limited Partners] control and manage the capture, segregation, aggregation, and sale of their own data, empowering [Limited Partners] in a manner not otherwise available to them when they utilize services over the Internet through their computers, phones, televisions, and other devices.
Request 4, ECF No. 1-3. The Request also provided that although "[t]he primary business purpose of [DMP] is the aggregation and profitable sale of electronic user data from its partners ... [i]n addition to other inducements, including guaranteed payments, [DMP] wishes to offer access to its group health plan as an inducement to attract, retain, and motivate partners." Id. LPMS is the general partner, plan administrator, and named fiduciary for the Plan maintained for DMP's common-law employees and Limited Partners. Id.
On November 8, 2018, LPMS requested an advisory opinion from the Department. Request, ECF No. 1-3. The Request stated that "[t]he plan will be organized as a single-employer self-insured group health plan that will provide major medical health benefits to [DMP]’s eligible employees, along with [DMP]’s limited partners." Id. at 1. To provide assurances to DMP's Limited Partners that the Plan would be governed by ERISA, LPMS sought the following opinions:
The Request continued with a detailed factual explanation concerning LPMS, the related limited partnership(s), and the proposed structure of the employee benefit plan. Id. at 2-6. DMP, at the time the Request was submitted2 , sought to establish a single-employer self-insured group health plan. The Request asserted that both "employees and partners are eligible to participate in the Plan." Id. at 4. Additionally, the Request stated that the Limited Partners regularly vote on how their aggregated data will be sold or otherwise used by DMP, commit time and service to revenue-generating activity on behalf of the limited partnership, and receive guaranteed payments in the form of income distributions. Id. The Request stated that limited partners "may permissibly be considered ‘participants’ in an ERISA-covered plan where at least one common-law employee is a participant." Id. To be eligible participants in the Plan, the Limited Partners must each contribute at least five-hundred hours of work per year through the generation, transmission, and sharing of their electronic data. Id. at 7-12. The Request went unanswered for almost a year, so Plaintiffs filed suit on October 4, 2019. Compl., ECF No. 1. As of January 30, 2020, nearly 50,000 Americans have elected to be automatically enrolled as eligible common-law employees or elected to join the Plan after signing a joinder agreement as a Limited Partner of DMP. Am. Compl. 3, ECF No. 9. A few months after suit was filed, the Department issued an advisory opinion.
On February 3, 2020, Defendants issued the Department's Opinion. Advisory Op. 1, ECF No. 9-2. The Department's Opinion concluded that "ERISA does not sweep so broadly as to regulate the commercial sale of insurance in the manner proposed by [LPMS]." Id. The Department's Opinion articulated three reasons why the Plan was not governed by ERISA—(1) the employment relationship, (2) the ownership interest, and (3) the employee-to-partner ratio. First, according to the Department's Opinion the purported and sole "service" that the Limited Partners appear to perform for or through the partnership ("the Service") is not sufficient to establish an employment relationship. Id. at 2. Second, the Limited Partners do not have a "meaningful ownership interest." Id. at 3. Third, even if the Limited Partners could be participants in an ERISA Plan, the presence of one common-law employee is "not sufficient to extend ERISA coverage to all the limited partners, without any stated limit." Id. at 4.
The Department's Opinion stated that the employment relationship between the Limited Partners and DMP was insufficient to satisfy ERISA because the traditional hallmarks of an employment relationship were not present. Advisory Op. 1, ECF No. 9-2. The Department concluded the following:
You assert that limited partners would participate in global management issues through periodic votes of all partners, but you provided no information on such votes. You assert that each limited partner agrees to contribute more than five-hundred (500) hours of "work" per year through the generation, transmission, and sharing of their data, but you provide no information on how that ‘work’ differs in any meaningful way from the personal activities individual limited partners would otherwise engage in while using their personal devices.
Id.3 Additionally, the Department concluded that the Limited Partners "do not appear to report to any assigned ‘work’ location or otherwise notify the partnership that they are commencing their work; and they are not required to possess any work-related skills." Id. ERISA plans require an employer-employee relationship, but the Department's Opinion stated that "there is no employer-employee relationship between the partnership and the limited partners, and as a matter of economic reality, it does not appear that the limited partners depend on the limited partnership as a source of business revenue."4 Id. Because the work the Limited Partners perform for the partnership is not distinguishable...
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