Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

• Decision Date: 20 December 1991
• Docket Number: No. 90-55397,90-55397
• Citation: Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 951 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. 1991)
• Parties: 34 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1145, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 13,014 William DAUBERT; Joyce Daubert, individually and as Guardians Ad Litem for Jason Daubert, a minor; Anita De Young, individually, and As Guardian Ad Litem for Eric Schuller, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., a Delaware corporation, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1128

951 F.2d 1128

34 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1145, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 13,014

William DAUBERT; Joyce Daubert, individually and as Guardians Ad Litem for Jason Daubert, a minor Anita De Young, individually, and As Guardian Ad Litem for Eric Schuller Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., a Delaware corporation Defendant-Appellee.

No. 90-55397.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted April 5, 1991.

Decided Dec. 20, 1991.

Mary F. Gillick, Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps, San Diego, Cal., Barry Nace, Paulson, Nace, Norwind & Sellinger, Washington, D.C., for plaintiffs-appellants.

Robert L. Dickson, George E. Berry, Hall R. Marston and Pamela J. Yates, Dickson, Carlson & Campillo, Santa Monica, Cal., for defendant-appellee.

Jeffrey Robert White, Washington, D.C., for amicus curiae.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California.

Before KOZINSKI and O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judges, and McNAMEE, ^* District Judge.

KOZINSKI, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiffs Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller suffer from limb reduction birth defects. They allege that these defects resulted from the fact that their mothers used Bendectin, a prescription anti-nausea drug, during pregnancy. The plaintiffs seek damages from the drug's manufacturer, defendant Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals.

Plaintiffs' evidence of causation consisted primarily of expert opinion based on in vitro and in vivo animal tests, chemical structure analyses and the reanalysis of epidemiological studies. Among the contrary evidence proffered by Merrell Dow was the affidavit of a physician and epidemiologist who reviewed all of the available literature on the subject, which included more than 30 published studies involving over 130,000 patients, and concluded that no published epidemiological study had demonstrated a statistically significant association between Bendectin and birth defects. Plaintiffs do not challenge this summary of the published record.

The district court determined that plaintiffs could not meet their burden of proving that Bendectin caused Jason's and Eric's birth defects and granted Merrell Dow's motion for summary judgment. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 727 F.Supp. 570 (S.D.Cal.1989).

A. Expert opinion based on a scientific technique "is admissible if it is generally accepted as a reliable technique among the scientific community." United States v. Solomon, 753 F.2d 1522, 1526 (9th Cir.1985) (citing Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013, 1014 (D.C.Cir.1923)). We impose this requirement because such evidence "create[s] a substantial danger of undue prejudice or of confusing the issues or of misleading the jury ... because of its aura of special reliability and trustworthiness." United States v. Amaral, 488 F.2d 1148, 1152 (9th Cir.1973); see also Learned Hand, Historical and Practical Considerations Regarding Expert Testimony, 15 HARV.L.REV. 40, 50-52 (1901). Moreover, whether expert opinion can satisfy this requirement is reviewed de novo by an appellate court, for "[t]he answer to the question about the reliability of a scientific technique or process does not vary according to the circumstances of each case. It is therefore inappropriate to view this threshold question of reliability as a matter within each trial judge's individual discretion." Reed v. State, 283 Md. 374, 391 A.2d 364, 367 (1978); see also United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194, 1197-1201 (2d Cir.1978) (applying de novo review to the question of the general acceptance of a scientific technique), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117, 99 S.Ct. 1025, 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979).

For expert opinion based on a given scientific methodology to be admissible, the methodology cannot diverge significantly from the procedures accepted by recognized authorities in the field. If it does so diverge, it cannot be shown to be "generally accepted as a reliable technique," Solomon, 753 F.2d at 1526, and a district court must exclude it. If such evidence is admitted and materially affects the verdict, a judgment supported by this evidence cannot stand. See Lindsey v. United States, 16 Alaska 268, 237 F.2d 893, 897-98 (9th Cir.1956).

B. Whether Bendectin is responsible for limb reduction defects is not a new question in the federal courts. Four of our sister circuits have considered whether plaintiffs could establish such responsibility in the absence of critically analyzed epidemiological studies establishing a connection between the use of the drug and the birth defects. DeLuca v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 911 F.2d 941 (3d Cir.1990); Brock v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 874 F.2d 307, modified, 884 F.2d 166 (5th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1046, 110 S.Ct. 1511, 108 L.Ed.2d 646 (1990); Richardson v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 857 F.2d 823 (D.C.Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 882, 110 S.Ct. 218, 107 L.Ed.2d 171 (1989); Lynch v. Merrell-National Labs., 830 F.2d 1190 (1st Cir.1987) (opinion by Noonan, J., sitting by designation). Three circuits have concluded that the plaintiffs could not establish such a link. Considering largely the same evidence presented to the district court below, these courts held that the animal and chemical studies were insufficient to establish a link between Bendectin and birth defects, Brock, 874 F.2d at 313-15; Richardson, 857 F.2d at 830; Lynch, 830 F.2d at 1194, in part because the plaintiffs' own experts acknowledged the need to verify such data with epidemiological evidence. Brock, 874 F.2d at 314; Richardson, 857 F.2d at 830. ¹ These courts were unwilling to allow plaintiffs to rely on reanalyses of epidemiological studies because these reanalyses had neither been published nor subjected to the rigors of peer review. They found the methodology particularly problematic in light of the massive weight of the original published studies supporting the defendant's position, all of which had undergone full scrutiny from the scientific community. See Brock, 874 F.2d at 312-13; Richardson, 857 F.2d at 831; Lynch, 830 F.2d at 1193-96; see also Christophersen v. Allied-Signal Corp., 939 F.2d 1106, 1111 n. 8 (5th Cir.1991) (en banc). ²

Plaintiffs argue that reanalysis is a generally accepted scientific technique, so it follows that their experts were basing their opinions on a permissible methodology. But the reanalysis of epidemiological studies is generally accepted by the scientific community only when it is subjected to verification and scrutiny by others in the field. See Dore, A Commentary on the Use of Epidemiological Evidence in Demonstrating Cause-in-Fact, 7 HARV.ENVTL. L.REV. 429, 438-39 (1983) (discussing requirements for original epidemiological studies). Plaintiffs' reanalyses do not comply with this standard; they were unpublished, not subjected to the normal peer review process and generated solely for use in litigation. ³ It does not suffice that the expert's methodology meet some of the requirements imposed by the scientific community; it must meet all of the essential requirements. Selective borrowing from generally accepted scientific methodology does not satisfy Solomon's rigorous standard.

C. Lynch, Richardson and Brock reflect a well-founded skepticism of the scientific value of...