Davidson v. Cincinnati Ins. Co.

• Decision Date: 13 May 1991
• Docket Number: No. 85A02-8912-CV-628,85A02-8912-CV-628
• Parties: John Robert DAVIDSON, Appellant (Defendant Below), v. CINCINNATI INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellee (Plaintiff Below).
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 502

572 N.E.2d 502

John Robert DAVIDSON, Appellant (Defendant Below), v. CINCINNATI INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellee (Plaintiff Below).

No. 85A02-8912-CV-628.

Court of Appeals of Indiana,

Third District.

May 13, 1991.

Daniel J. Harrigan, Bayliff, Harrigan, Cord & Maugans, P.C., Kokomo, for appellant.

Scott L. Starr, Donald J. Tribbett, Starr, Austen, & Tribbett, Logansport, for appellee.

HOFFMAN, Presiding Judge.

Defendant-appellant John Robert Davidson appeals from the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of plaintiff-appellee Cincinnati Insurance Company (Cincinnati).

The facts relevant to this appeal disclose that on December 4, 1985 John Davidson filed a complaint against Thomas Hardin for unauthorized removal of property such as plumbing, fixtures, and lights from a beauty shop which was being rented to Hardin by Davidson. Judgment was rendered in favor of Davidson by Judge T. Michael Smith on November 24, 1986. A motion for relief from judgment was filed by Hardin on the grounds that Judge Smith should have excused himself from the case due to campaign contributions that were made by Davidson to the judge while the case was pending. This motion was granted by Judge Brubaker on March 29, 1988 and the judgment was set aside.

On October 13, 1988, a complaint was filed by Hardin against Davidson based on Davidson's alleged improper conduct during the previous action. Hardin complained that Davidson's campaign contributions to Judge Smith, while the case was pending, improperly influenced the judge. As a result of Davidson's conduct, Hardin allegedly suffered humiliation and embarassment, missed time from his employment, was deprived of his civil and constitutional rights, and was slandered and defrauded for which Hardin requested compensation. Hardin also had separate counts for a civil rights violation, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, conspiracy, fraud, bribery and deceit, all of which arose from Davidson's conduct in making the campaign contributions to the judge.

Davidson requested that his insurance company, Cincinnati, provide a defense for him to Hardin's complaint. Cincinnati filed a complaint for declaratory judgment asking the trial court to declare that it was not required under the insurance policies held by Davidson to provide a defense. Both parties moved for summary judgment. On August 17, 1989, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Cincinnati. This appeal ensued.

Three issues are dispositive of this appeal:

(1) whether Cincinnati complied with its duty to conduct an investigation into the facts of the Hardin claim before refusing to defend Davidson;

(2) whether Davidson's insurance policies with Cincinnati obligated Cincinnati to provide a defense against Hardin's complaint; and

(3) whether the insurance policies issued by Cincinnati provided illusory coverage.

Before proceeding with the substantive issues of this appeal, the parties debate under what circumstances an insurance company has a duty to defend an insured. This Court in Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Mallon (1980), Ind.App., 409 N.E.2d 1100, explained that an insurance company has a contractual duty to defend unfounded, false or fraudulent suits based upon risks it has insured. The insurance company's "duty to defend is still broader than its coverage liability." Id. at 1105.

"But when the underlying factual basis of the complaint, even if proved true, would not result in liability under the insurance policy, the insurance company can properly refuse to defend. See 7C Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice, [ (Burdal Ed.1979) ], Sec. 4683 at 50."

Id.

Therefore, if the nature of the claims made against Davidson in Hardin's complaint, even if proved true, do not fall within the risks insured against by the insurance policies, Cincinnati has no obligation to defend.

In this case, both parties filed for summary judgment and the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Cincinnati. The parties dispute the procedural issue of whether this was a grant of summary judgment under Ind.Trial Rule 56 or if in effect, it was a grant of judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Ind.Trial Rule 12(C). It has been said that the motion for judgment on the pleadings is clearly tied to the motion for summary judgment. 1 W. HARVEY, INDIANA PRACTICE, Sec. 12(c), at 593 (1987). The two motions serve similar purposes. Id. "Thus, a judgment on the pleadings is, in reality, a summary judgment minus affidavits and other supporting documents." Id. Conversely, a summary judgment without the evidentiary support, such as depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions, and affidavits, would be a judgment on the pleadings. It is this latter situation which is presented in this case. Therefore, in the absence of such evidentiary support, the motions for summary judgment were transformed into a functional motion for judgment on the pleadings. See New Trend B. Sch. v. Beauty Cult. Exam. (1988), Ind.App., 518 N.E.2d 1101, 1103.

As with a grant of summary judgment, a grant of judgment on the pleadings is proper when there are no genuine issues of material fact. Id. Since no genuine issues of material fact were presented in this case, the judgment made by the trial court as a matter of law was appropriate.

Davidson claims that Cincinnati breached its duty to investigate the facts alleged in Hardin's complaint before denying coverage to him. Davidson is attempting to raise this issue for the first time through his appellate brief. A party may not raise an issue on appeal that was not raised in the trial court. Koop v. Bailey (1986), Ind.App., 502 N.E.2d 116, 118 n. 3. This is also true for summary judgment proceedings. Id. Davidson did not argue the issue either by affirmative defense in his answer or by argument in his brief in opposition of plaintiff's motion for summary judgment. Therefore, this issue is waived.

Since an insurance policy is a contract between the parties, the law of contracts applies when determining policy liabilities. Mallon, supra. Due to the great disparity in bargaining power between insurance companies and their insureds, any ambiguous clauses in the policy are construed in favor of the insured. Id. However, if the policy is clear and unambiguous, it must be given its plain meaning. Id. Resolutions of questions of insurance policy construction are particularly appropriate by the trial court where both parties do not assert any genuine issues of material fact and the provisions of the policies are unambiguous. B & R Farm Services v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. (1985), Ind., 483 N.E.2d 1076. In fact, construction of an insurance policy which both parties assert is unambiguous is a judicial function. Id. Both parties in this case asked the trial court to decide if coverage, under the unambiguous insurance policies, was to be provided by Cincinnati to Davidson for the claims made by Hardin in his complaint.

There are four insurance policies at issue in this case. Two of the policies are basic property damage and liability coverage policies, each of which provide additional liability coverage through a broad form liability endorsement. The other two are umbrella, or excess, liability policies. One basic property and liability policy and one umbrella policy covered a policy period from August 14, 1983 through August 14, 1986. The other basic property and liability policy and umbrella policy covered the time period from August 14, 1986 through August 14, 1991. All four policies are involved in this action since some of the events complained of in Hardin's complaint took place prior to August 14, 1986, and some took place after that date.

A review of the basic policies reveals that Section II provides liability coverage. This insuring clause provides:

"The company will pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of

Coverage A. bodily injury or

Coverage B. property damage

to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence...."

The following are definitions for terms in the above insuring clause:

" 'bodily injury' means bodily injury, sickness or disease sustained by any person which occurs during the policy period, including death at any time resulting therefrom;

* * * * * *

'property damage' means (1) physical injury to or destruction of tangible property which occurs during the policy period, including the loss of use thereof at any time resulting therefrom, or (2) loss of use of tangible property which has not been physically injured or destroyed provided such loss of use is caused by an occurrence during the policy period...."

Clearly, there is no bodily injury or property damage involved in this case. However the two basic policies provided additional liability coverage through Broad Form Liability Endorsements. These endorsements expanded coverage for "personal injury." This definition reads:

" 'Personal Injury' means injury arising out of one or more of the following offenses committed during the policy period:

1. false arrest, detention, imprisonment, or malicious prosecution;

* * * * * *

3. a publication or utterance

a. of a libel or slander or other defamatory or disparaging material...."

Some of Hardin's alleged injuries, malicious prosecution and slander, do fall under this definition. However, the endorsement continues:

"The Company will pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of personal injury or advertising injury to which this insurance applies, sustained by any person or organization and arising out of the conduct of the named insured's business...."

It is this last clause, "arising out of the conduct of the named insured's business," which becomes an issue at this point. Hardin distinctly alleges in his complaint that his injuries resulted from Davidson's campaign contributions to the judge. While it is true that the original...