Davis v. School District of City of Pontiac, Inc., 20477.

• Decision Date: 28 May 1971
• Docket Number: No. 20477.,20477.
• Citation: 443 F.2d 573
• Parties: Donald DAVIS, Jr., a minor by his mother and next friend Mrs. Sadie Davis et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. SCHOOL DISTRICT OF the CITY OF PONTIAC, INC., et al., Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

443 F.2d 573 (1971)

Donald DAVIS, Jr., a minor by his mother and next friend Mrs. Sadie Davis et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. SCHOOL DISTRICT OF the CITY OF PONTIAC, INC., et al., Defendants-Appellants.

No. 20477.

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

May 28, 1971.

Robert E. Manley, Cincinnati, Ohio, for defendants-appellants; Beirne, Wirthlin & Manley, Cincinnati, Ohio, on brief; Dudley & Patterson, by Harold W. Dudley and William R. Lightbody, Pontiac, Mich., of counsel.

Elbert L. Hatchett, Pontiac, Mich., for plaintiffs-appellees; William Waterman, Pontiac, Mich., on brief.

Before McCREE, Circuit Judge, CECIL, Senior Circuit Judge, and MURRAH,^* Senior Circuit Judge.

McCREE, Circuit Judge.

This case presents the question whether the racial pattern which is manifested within the Pontiac, Michigan School District in pupil attendance zones, faculty and administrative assignments, and the locating of school buildings is the purposeful product of policies of the Board of Education. Plaintiffs-appellees are Negro children and residents of the City of Pontiac and of the State of Michigan. On February 20, 1969, they brought a class action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan against the school district, its superintendent and assistant superintendents, and the seven members of its Board of Education. The complaint charges that defendants have drawn zone attendance lines and have selected new school construction sites with the purpose and effect of maintaining separate schools for Negro children, and that defendants also have limited the number of Negro employees working in the school system and have considered race in assigning teachers and administrators to schools in contravention of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

On February 17, 1970, the District Court filed its opinion finding that the Pontiac Board of Education

* * * intentionally utilized the power at their disposal to locate new schools and arrange boundaries in such a way as to perpetuate the pattern of segregation within the City and thereby, deliberately, * * * prevented integration. * * * Where a Board of Education has contributed and played a major role in the development and growth of a segregated situation, the Board is guilty of de jure segregation. The fact that such came slowly and surreptitiously rather than by legislative pronouncement makes the situation no less evil. Davis v. School District of the City of Pontiac, 309 F.Supp. 734, 741-742 (E. D.Mich.1970).

With regard to faculty members and administrators, the court stated:

Just as there has been failure to implement pronounced policies regarding the elimination of segregation within the school body, so too has there been a failure to provide an integrated faculty or administration within the system. The fact that the Board employs Negro faculty members when the majority of those teachers are confined to Black schools, is indicative of a practice of following and indeed advancing the segregated characteristic of the schools. A review of the testimony and exhibits made available to the Court reveals that, historically, Black teachers have been and continue to be assigned to Black schools and white teachers assigned to white schools. The fact that the Board of Education has, in an attempt to deprive the plaintiffs of any complaint in this regard, assigned one or two Black teachers to all-white schools and, vice versa, is insufficient evidence that the problem is being corrected.

* * * * * *

This Court could repeat here reams of testimony presented by the defendants to explain the situation in the teaching faculty which is presently found to exist. The record speaks for itself in this regard and warrants no magnified attention to reflect the discriminatory practices which continue to be followed in the Pontiac School System as to assignment of faculty and promotion of administrators. Id. at 742-743.

The court then ordered defendants to submit a plan for the integration of the school system at all levels — student body, faculty and administration. On April 2, 1970, the court approved a plan submitted by appellants, entered an order that the plan be implemented, and granted final judgment in favor of appellees.

Appellants correctly contend that under Deal v. Cincinnati Bd. of Educ., 369 F.2d 55 (6th Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 847, 88 S.Ct. 39, 19 L. Ed.2d 114 (1967), a school district has no affirmative obligation to achieve a balance of the races in the schools when the existing imbalance is not attributable to school policies or practices and is the result of housing patterns and other forces over which the school administration had no control. They also contend that the District Court's findings in this case compel the conclusion reached in Deal that the racial imbalance in the schools is not the result of improper discrimination by the school district. We disagree. In Deal this court stated that

* * * bare statistical imbalance alone is not forbidden. There must also be present a quantum of official discrimination in order to invoke the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment. 369 F.2d at 62.

The court below clearly indicated its awareness of that requirement and found in this case the quantum of discrimination sufficient to support an order to desegregate:

This Court acknowledges the recently enunciated position that a Board of Education has no affirmative duty to eliminate segregation when it has done nothing to create it, but this Court finds that the Pontiac Board of Education did a great deal to create the patterns presently existing within that school district and is now responsible to take action so as to eliminate the very situation which it caused. 309 F.Supp. at 742.

Accordingly, the principal question before us is whether there is sufficient evidence in the record to support the determination of the District Judge that appellants are responsible for the existing racial imbalance in the Pontiac School System. Appellants argue that schools have been constructed and attendance zones have been drawn in accordance with a neighborhood school concept without regard to race. They assert that, although the school district's policies were color blind prior to 1964, the Board of Education now affirmatively seeks to recruit black employees and to integrate pupils, teachers and administrators by using race as one of the criteria in determining attendance zones and assigning personnel. However, these same contentions were presented at trial and the District Court, while acknowledging recent efforts to improve the situation, nevertheless found the new policies inadequate to cure the effects of years of purposeful segregation. After a thorough review of the record on appeal, and upon consideration, we have concluded that the District Court's findings of purposeful segregation by the school district are supported by substantial evidence and are not clearly erroneous. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52 (a).

During the six-day trial, lengthy testimony was admitted concerning the policies and practices of the Pontiac school system, and numerous exhibits were introduced to illustrate the racial population patterns of the City of Pontiac and the development of school construction and attendance boundaries within the system. We observe, as did the District Court, that school location and attendance boundary line decisions, for the past 15 years, more often than not tended to perpetuate segregation. Attempted justification of those decisions in terms of proximity of school buildings, their capacity, and safety of access routes requires inconsistent applications of these criteria. Although, as the District Court stated, each decision considered alone might not compel the conclusion that the Board of Education intended to foster segregation, taken together, they support the conclusion that a purposeful pattern of racial discrimination has existed in the Pontiac school system for at least 15 years.

The court's finding that the school district's administration and faculty have been purposefully segregated finds even stronger support in the record. Appellants fail in their attempts to explain the obvious pattern of placement of black teachers and administrators almost exclusively in schools attended by black children. It is admitted that teacher placement procedures were changed in 1967 because the central office believed that principals were discriminatorily exercising their right to reject job applicants. We also observe that appellants' proposal to re-assign faculty members in the racial proportions of student bodies merely restates the Board's prior policy of personnel placement. Although the plan may result in a satisfactory level of faculty integration, the formula would not be consistent with nondiscriminatory assignment of personnel on a continuing basis. As the District Court observed, the school district's obvious regard for race in assigning faculty members and administrators is a factor which may be considered in assessing motives underlying past decisions which resulted in segregation. United States v. School District 151 of Cook County, 301 F.Supp. 201, 229-230 (N.D.Ill.1969).

We also hold that the court properly fulfilled its duty to require the eradication of the effects of the past unlawful discrimination. As the Supreme Court stated in Green v. County School Bd. of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430, 88 S.Ct. 1689, 20 L.Ed.2d 716 (1968):

We bear in mind that the court has not merely the power but the duty to render a decree which will so far as possible eliminate the discriminatory effects of the past as well as bar like discrimination in the future. 391 U.S. at 438 n. 4

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