Defino Martone v. United States

• Decision Date: 13 June 1968
• Docket Number: No. 7038.,7038.
• Citation: 396 F.2d 229
• Parties: John DEFINO MARTONE, Defendant, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

396 F.2d 229 (1968)

John DEFINO MARTONE, Defendant, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 7038.

United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.

June 13, 1968.

Milton E. Grusmark, Miami Beach, Fla., for appellant.

Blas C. Herrero, Jr., Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Francisco A. Gil, Jr., U. S. Atty., and Charles E. Figueroa, Asst. U. S. Atty., were on brief, for appellee.

Before ALDRICH, Chief Judge, McENTEE and COFFIN, Circuit Judges.

McENTEE, Circuit Judge.

Early in the morning of July 17, 1967, several Treasury Department agents went to the home of one Luis Rodriquez Lebron to arrest him. They knocked on the door and identified themselves to the defendant who they could see through the window was coming forward after a two minute delay.¹ When defendant ran back into the interior of the house the agents forced their way through the door.²

Upon entering the house the agents observed defendant running from the back of the house into the bathroom. Agent Fuentes Ortega in pursuit heard the flushing of the toilet as he followed defendant into the bathroom. After ejecting the defendant from the bathroom the agent observed a powder on the edge of the commode. This powder, which was gathered and preserved, was found to be narcotics. In the meanwhile agent Jorge went into another room to arrest Rodriquez Lebron, the subject of the arrest warrant. As a result of all this defendant was indicted and convicted on two counts of narcotics violations.

Of the various points raised on appeal none were urged upon the district court. Further, only one of these points, an allegation that the entry and search by the agents were illegal, even begins to rise to the dignity of "plain error," a matter that we would notice on appeal. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b); Dichner v. United States, 348 F.2d 167 (1st Cir. 1965).

Defendant argues that because the agents had seen only him in the house and the arrest warrant was only for Rodriquez Lebron, they had no occasion to force their way into the house. He asserts that the record reveals no probable cause for believing that Rodriquez Lebron was in the house. The record does reveal, however, that the house was the residence of Rodriquez Lebron and that the agents' visit took place before six o'clock in the morning. It is apparent that the common sense of expecting a man to be at home at six a. m. commended itself to all concerned at the trial and defendant's attempt to challenge it now appears to be an afterthought.

Defendant further asserts that in any event the agents had no right to arrest him even assuming their legitimate entry into the house, since as above stated the warrant ran only to Rodriquez Lebron and any evidence gathered against defendant would be the result of an illegal search. We think that in advancing this argument defendant unduly emphasizes his own activities apart from their total context. The government agents were not, however, obliged to take such an atomistic view of the situation. They came armed with a warrant for arrest based on probable cause. They were involved in an attempt to apprehend a suspect amid circumstances peculiarly susceptible to the destruction of evidence. There had already been a two minute delay before defendant even came to the door. Then instead of admitting these properly identified agents, defendant retreated to the interior of the house. He now emphasizes that the warrant was not for him but for Rodriquez Lebron. Far from aiding his cause, this merely underscores his involvement. Upon gaining entrance the agents acted properly. The defendant had repaired in haste to the bathroom and therefore the agents had reasonable cause to believe that he was disposing of evidence.

At first agent Fuentes Ortega did not arrest the defendant. He merely put him out of the room to facilitate investigation and to prevent the destruction of evidence. Moreover, despite defendant's contention to the contrary it is entirely fanciful to suppose that nothing could be done with respect to his activities, before Rodriquez Lebron was arrested. Fourth amendment protections, serious and fundamental as they are, do not compel the unedifying spectacle of law enforcement officers naively standing by while the evidence of a criminal offense is being flushed down a toilet. There is no constitutional right to destroy evidence before the very eyes of government agents.

The landmark case of Ker v. State of California, 374 U.S. 23, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 10 L.Ed.2d 726 (1963) is pertinent here. There the Court upheld convictions for possession of narcotics based on arrests without a warrant. So alert was the Court in that case to the possibility of destruction of evidence that it upheld the convictions despite the fact that the officers involved had gained entrance to an apartment by a passkey without knocking or identifying themselves in any way. Ker, supra at 37, 40, 83 S.Ct. 1623. In Ker, as here, the police went to an apartment to arrest one person and as a result of what they observed arrested his wife as well. Supra at 36-37, 83 S.Ct. 1623. Also, in Ker, as here, an officer walked to an...