Department of Mental Hygiene of California v. Kirchner

Decision Date08 March 1965
Docket NumberNo. 111,111
Citation13 L.Ed.2d 753,85 S.Ct. 871,380 U.S. 194
PartiesDEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HYGIENE OF CALIFORNIA, Petitioner, v. Evelyn KIRCHNER, Administratrix of the Estate of Ellinor Green Vance
CourtU.S. Supreme Court

Mrs. Elizabeth Palmer, Deputy Atty. Gen., San Francisco, Cal., for petitioner.

Alan A. Dougherty, Redwood City, Cal., for respondent.

Mr. Justice HARLAN delivered the opinion of the Court.

Mrs. Auguste Schaeche was adjudged incompetent in 1953 and committed to a California state mental institution operated by petitioner. California Welfare and Institutions Code, § 6650 provides in pertinent part:

'The husband, wife, father, mother, or children of a mentally ill person or inebriate, and the administrators of their estates, and the estate of such mentally ill person or inebriate, shall be liable for his care, support, and maintenance in a state institution of which he is an inmate. The liability of such persons and estates shall be a joint and several liability * * *.'

Ellinor Vance, the daughter of Mrs. Schaeche, died in 1960 and respondent was appointed administratrix of her estate. Petitioner filed a claim for $7,554.22 with respondent, that being the cost of support furnished to the incompetent from 1956 to 1960, which was rejected by respondent. Petitioner then filed suit for that amount and obtained judgment on the pleadings. The District Court of Appeal affirmed, 29 Cal.Rptr. 312, but the Supreme Court of California reversed, finding that § 6650 'violates the basic constitutional guaranty of equal protection of the law * * *.' 60 Cal.2d 716, 717, 36 Cal.Rptr. 488, 388 P.2d 720. We granted certiorari to consider the important questions involved, 379 U.S. 811, 85 S.Ct. 39, 13 L.Ed.2d 26. After plenary briefing and argument, however, we are unable to say with requisite assurance that this Court has jurisdiction in the premises.

The California Supreme Court did not state whether its holding was based on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States or the equivalent provisions of the California Constitution, 1 or both. While we might speculate from the choice of words used in the opinion, and the authorities cited by the court, which provision was the basis for the judgment of the state court, we are unable to say with any degree of certainty that the judgment of the California Supreme Court was not based on an adequate and independent nonfederal ground. This Court is always wary of assuming jurisdiction of a case from a state court unless it is plain that a federal question is necessarily presented, and the party seeking review here must show that we have jurisdiction of the case.2 Were we to assume that the federal question was the basis for the decision below, it is clear that the California Supreme Court, either on remand or in another case presenting the same issues, could inform us that its opinion was in fact based, at least in part, on the California Constitution, thus leaving the result untouched by whatever conclusions this Court might have reached on the merits of the federal question. For reasons that follow we conclude that further clarifying proceedings in the California Supreme Court are called for under the principles stated in State of Minnesota v. National Tea Co., 309 U.S. 551, 60 S.Ct. 676, 84 L.Ed. 920.

The first mention of any specific constitutional provision in this case appears to have been made in respondent's reply brief in the State District Court of Appeal, and it related solely to the State Constitution.3 That court disposed of the constitutional claim in one paragraph,4 citing Department of Mental Hygiene v. McGilvery, 50 Cal.2d 742, 754—761, 329 P.2d 689, 695—699. In McGilvery rehearing was granted by the California Supreme Court to consider the claim that 'an absolute liability on a mother to pay for the care, support and maintenance of her mentally ill daughter in a state insti- tution, is a deprivation of property without equal protection of law and without just compensation in violation of the state and federal Constitutions.' 50 Cal.2d, at 747, 329 P.2d, at 691. On the pages cited by the District Court of Appeal, the California Supreme Court in McGilvery had concluded:

'Article I, section 11 of the California Constitution requires that all laws of a general nature have a uniform operation. This has been held generally to require a reasonable classification of persons upon whom the law is to operate. The classification must be one that is founded upon some natural or intrinsic or constitutional distinction. (Citations.) Likewise, those within the class, that is those persons similarly situated with respect to that law, must be subjected to equal burdens. (Citation.) The clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution which prohibits a state from denying to 'any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws' has been similarly construed.'5

An examination of the opinion of the California Supreme Court in the case before us does not indicate whether that court relied on the State Constitution alone, the Federal Constitution alone, or both; and we would have jurisdiction to review only if the federal ground had been the sole basis for the decision, or the State Constitution was interpreted under what the state court deemed the compulsion of the Federal Constitution.6

The court first discussed Department of Mental Hygiene v. Hawley, 59 Cal.2d 247, 28 Cal.Rptr. 718, 379 P.2d 22, a case decided under the Fourteenth Amendment, and then stated 'This holding is dispositive of the issue before us.' 60 Cal.2d, at 720, 36 Cal.Rptr., at 490, 388 P.2d, at 722.

The court went on, however, to discuss other cases. After noting that in Department of Mental Hygiene v. Shane, 142 Cal.App.2d Supp. 881, 299 P.2d 747 (relied on in McGilvery), there was no 'mention of either the United States or the California Constitutions,' the court distinguished both Shane and McGilvery as cases in which the constitutional claims were not presented. 60 Cal.2d, at 721, 36 Cal.Rptr., at 491, 388 P.2d, at 723. It then discussed Hoeper v. Tax Comm., 284 U.S. 206, 52 S.Ct. 120, 76 L.Ed. 248, which dealt with reasonable classification, and compared a similar treatment in Estate of Tetsubumi Yano, 188 Cal. 645, 656—657(14), 206 P. 995. In Yano the California Supreme Court found an alien land law in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Privileges and Immunities Clause, and of the California Constitution. The court's discussion of the Equal Protection Clause, however, was confined to pp. 654 656 of the opinion, 206 P. pp. 999—1000, and in headnote (14) on page 656 (cited by the court in the present case) the court dealt principally with the state constitutional ground.

After examining the statutory framework of the support statutes, the court in this case finally concluded with the following statement:

'A statute obviously violates the equal protection clause if it selects one particular class of persons for a species of taxation and no rational basis supports such classification. (See Blumenthal v. Board of Medical Examiners (1962) 57 Cal.2d 228, 237(13), 18 Cal.Rptr. 501, 368 P.2d 101; Bilyeu v. State Employees' Retirement System (1962) 58 Cal.2d 618, 623(2), 25 Cal.Rptr. 562, 375 P.2d 442.) Such a concept for the state's taking of a free man's property manifestly denies him equal protection of the law.' 60 Cal.2d, at 722—723, 36 Cal.Rptr., at 492, 388 P.2d at 724.

Blumenthal v. Board of Medical Examiners, 57 Cal.2d 228, 18 Cal.Rptr. 501, 368 P.2d 101, involved an attack on a licensing statute under both the Fourteenth Amendment and §§ 11 and 21 of Article I of the California Constitution. See 57 Cal.2d, at 232, 18 Cal.Rptr., at 503, 368 P.2d, at 103. The court did not specifically rely on one constitutional provision, but merely held the statute unconstitutional. Bilyeu v. State Employees' Retirement System, 58 Cal.2d 618, 25 Cal.Rptr. 562, 375 P.2d 442, involved an attack on a classification of state employees subject to retirement benefits. At headnote (2) of the opinion, cited by the court in Kirchner, appears the following language:

'There is no constitutional requirement of uniform treatment, but only that there be a reasonable basis for each classification.'7

The use of such language suggests that the court may have been adverting to the California constitutional provision that '(a)ll laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation.' Calif.Const. Art. I, § 11.

On the basis of the foregoing, it is clear that we cannot say with the requisite certainty that the California judgment rested solely on the Fourteenth Amendment, or, amounting to the same thing, that in striking the statute down under the State Constitution the court below acted under what it conceived to be the compulsion...

To continue reading

Request your trial
54 cases
  • Committee to Defend Reproductive Rights v. Myers
    • United States
    • California Court of Appeals
    • May 29, 1979
    ...(Dept. of Mental Hygiene v. Kirchner (1964) 60 Cal.2d 716, 721, 36 Cal.Rptr. 488, 491, 388 P.2d 720, 723, vacated in 380 U.S. 194, 85 S.Ct. 871, 13 L.Ed.2d 753 and reiterated on remand in 62 Cal.2d 586, 43 Cal.Rptr. 329, 400 P.2d 321.) 4 The abortion section of the 1978 Budget Act is a pate......
  • City of Mesquite v. Aladdin Castle, Inc
    • United States
    • United States Supreme Court
    • February 23, 1982
    ...Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co., 433 U.S. 562, 568, 97 S.Ct. 2849, 2853, 53 L.Ed.2d 965; Mental Hygiene Dept. v. Kirchner, 380 U.S. 194, 198, 85 S.Ct. 871, 874, 13 L.Ed.2d 753; Missouri ex rel. Southern R. Co. v. Mayfield, 340 U.S. 1, 5, 71 S.Ct. 1, 3, 95 L.Ed. 3; Minnesota v. N......
  • Cunningham v. Superior Court (Ventura County)
    • United States
    • California Court of Appeals
    • January 3, 1986
    ...342, 678 P.2d 917; Dept. of Mental Hygiene v. Kirchner (1964) 60 Cal.2d 716, 723, 36 Cal.Rptr. 488, 388 P.2d 720 (remanded 380 U.S. 194, 85 S.Ct. 871, 13 L.Ed.2d 753); subsequent op. 62 Cal.3d 586, 43 Cal.Rptr. 329, 400 P.2d 321.) "To charge the cost of operation of state functions conducte......
  • Cunningham v. Superior Court
    • United States
    • California Court of Appeals
    • February 6, 1986
    ...342, 678 P.2d 917; Dept. of Mental Hygiene v. Kirchner (1964) 60 Cal.2d 716, 723, 36 Cal.Rptr. 488, 388 P.2d 720 (remanded 380 U.S. 194, 85 S.Ct. 871, 13 L.Ed.2d 753); subsequent op. 62 Cal.3d 586, 43 Cal.Rptr. 329, 400 P.2d 321.) "To charge the cost of operation of state functions conducte......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT