Dial Press, Inc. v. Phillips

• Decision Date: 15 December 1952
• Docket Number: No. A--728,A--728
• Citation: 23 N.J.Super. 543,93 A.2d 195
• Parties: DIAL PRESS, Inc., v. PHILLIPS.
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court — Appellate Division

Page 543

23 N.J.Super. 543

93 A.2d 195

DIAL PRESS, Inc., v. PHILLIPS.

No. A--728.

Superior Court of New Jersey

Appellate Division.

Argued Nov. 17, 1952.

Decided Dec. 15, 1952.

Nathan Reibel, Elizabeth, argued the cause for plaintiff-respondent and cross-appellant (Forman & Forman, Elizabeth, attorneys).

Arthur C. Gillette, Newark, argued the cause for defendant-appellant and cross-respondent.

Before Judges EASTWOOD, GOLDMANN and FRANCIS.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

FRANCIS, J.C.C. (temporarily assigned).

Appellant Sidney G. Phillips suffered a summary judgment of $6,000 on a note made by him to respondent's assignor, as payee, and he appeals therefrom. Respondent has filed a cross-appeal alleging error in the refusal of the trial court to allow interest on the note.

Factually the record discloses that prior to April 9, 1947 appellant and one Burton C. Hoffman were employees and stockholders of respondent corporation. Hoffman was president and principal stockholder; Phillips held a ten-year employment agreement. In addition, they were stockholders of another corporation, Dryden Press. On the date mentioned Hoffman contracted to sell his Dryden Press stock to Phillips for $6,000. The purchase price was evidenced by a non-negotiable and non-interest-bearing promissory note, dated April 9, 1947 and payable on January 2, 1948 'at Dial Press Inc., 461 Fourth Ave., New York 16, N.Y. in accordance with the endorsement on the reverse' thereof. The endorsement read:

'Dear Mr. Hoffman,

'I hereby authorize you on presentation and endorsement and in satisfaction of this note to collect on January 2, 1948 from funds or compensation due me from Dial Press, Inc. the sum of Six thousand dollars (6,000.00) as per our agreement of April 9, 1947.'

On November 3, 1947 respondent wrongfully discharged Phillips and pursuant to his employment contract arbitration proceedings were entered into for the purpose of determining his resulting damage. On October 8, 1948 these proceedings eventuated in an award of $45,000 to Phillips and against Dial Press, Inc. The award was docketed in the New York Supreme Court on October 26, 1948 and under the applicable statute became an enforceable judgment.

During the course of the arbitration proceedings Phillips requested that $6,000 be deducted from any sum found due to him, for the purpose of satisfying the note given for Hoffman's stock. However, the arbitrators declined to do this because Hoffman was not a party to the proceeding. In any event, Hoffman, who as already pointed out was president of Dial Press, Inc., made no effort to collect on the note out of $45,000 award and permitted the fund to be paid to Phillips.

The reason for the failure to seek and to obtain payment of this note out of the moneys in possession of Dial is found in some evidence which appeared in the arbitration proceeding and in Hoffman's subsequent conduct. At the hearing it appeared that the stock acquired by Phillips for $6,000 had been sold by him later for $50,000. In October 1948 Hoffman instituted suit against Phillips in the New York Supreme Court seeking a rescission of the contract for the sale of the stock on the ground of misrepresentations and fraud. In the complaint he offered to return the $6,000 note for the stock.

The action was never moved and subsequently, on April 5, 1951, was marked off the active trial list. It is undisputed that under the New York practice a case in this status may be restored to the active list at any time within a year after its removal, but if it is not done the action is deemed abandoned and accordingly is dismissed without prejudice. No order is required; merely an appropriate entry by the clerk of the court.

On December 22, 1951, while the New York suit was still pending, respondent Dial Press, Inc. brought this action in New Jersey to recover on the $6,000 note as assignee thereof from Hoffman, the assignment having been made on April 30, 1950. Phillips answered admitting non-payment, alleging the continued existence of the New York action for rescission and asserting as a defense that since Hoffman had elected to seek rescission of the stock sale contract, he and his assignee, Dial Press, Inc., were bound by the election and could not seek payment of the note.

Respondent moved for summary judgment. The affidavits and exhibits established the facts recited and also that under the New York practice the rescission action was dismissed as abandoned on April 5, 1952. The motion was granted and judgment entered on June 25, 1952 for $6,000, without interest. The disallowance of interest was predicated upon the failure of Hoffman to take advantage of the opportunity to secure payment which was open to him at any time after January 2, 1948.

Obviously respondent, as assignee of the note, is entitled to recover thereon unless barred by Hoffman's rescission action. The general rule is that where a person has a choice between two inconsistent remedies, the deliberate election to pursue one of them with full knowledge of the facts is binding and irrevocable and bars a later prosecution of the other. Adams v. Camden Safe Deposit & Trust Company 121 N.J.L. 389, 2 A.2d 361 (Sup.Ct.1938). The essence of the doctrine is the existence of two inconsistent remedies. If there is, in fact, no inconsistency between the two actions, then the pursuit of the one does not prevent the resort to the other.

The doctrine of election of remedies is not a rule of substantive law, but rather of judicial administration. It has its foundation in the desire of the law to eliminate vexatious and multiple litigation of causes of action arising out of the same subject matter. Annotation, 35 A.L.R. 1153, sec. I. Our Supreme Court has indicated that the rule is a harsh and largely obsolete one and one which should be 'strictly confined within its reason and spirit.' Adams v. Camden Safe Deposit & Trust Company, supra, 121 N.J.L. at page 397, 2 A.2d at page 365.

In the present case, assuming fraud to have existed in the procurement of the contract for the sale of the stock, Hoffman could have sued at law for damages. In this event, if he established the fraud, his recovery would be the selling price of $6,000 plus the difference between that sum and the actual value of the securities. Or, he could have brought an action for rescission of the contract and return of the stock. A distinction is recognized in the application of the principle of election of remedies between an action to rescind and an action for damages for fraud.

'* * * Rescission is not accomplished as a fact until either acquiesced in by the other party or established by the judgment or decree of a court of competent jurisdiction. The right to waive fraud, however, rests entirely with the defrauded party. It does not require the consent of the wrongdoer, and it need not be established by the judgment or decree of any court.' 35 A.L.R. 1154, sec. II.

This distinction has been recognized by many courts outside of New Jersey and the weight of authority appears to be that in fraud cases in the absence of estoppel a binding election is not accomplished until the right to rescind is established by a judgment or decree of the court. 35 A.L.R. 1155, sec. III; Restatement of the Law, Restitution, sec 68(2)(b); sec. 144; 123 A.L.R. 380, sec. III; Schrage v. Liebstein, 16 N.J.Super. 384, 84 A.2d 750 (App.Div.1951). 1951).

Williston has this to say on the subject:

'The modern tendency is not to regard the commencement of an action as a conclusive election in the absence of some element of estoppel. Moreover, the majority of jurisdictions, while perhaps continuing to consider the beginning of an action for deceit as a final election of substantive rights, that is, an election to stand on the contract, do not so regard the commencement of a suit for rescission. These courts generally treat the rescission action rather as an indication that the defrauded party has refrained from making a choice, preferring to submit to the court the determination of the right to disaffirm, and that there is, therefore, No conclusive election until judgment on the merits.' 5 Williston on Contracts, sec. 1528, p. 4281, 2.

The reasoning of the majority view is appealing. When a rescission action grounded in Fraud is instituted and trial results in an adverse determination on the issue of fraud, what is the effect of the judgment? It means that the parties entered into a binding and legal compact. In this event what notion of justice can twist the doctrine of election of remedies into a...