Dickerson v. Commonwealth of Va..

• Citation: 709 S.E.2d 717,58 Va.App. 351
• Decision Date: 14 June 2011
• Docket Number: Record No. 1215–10–1.
• Parties: Robert D. DICKERSONv.COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Virginia

58 Va.App. 351

709 S.E.2d 717

Robert D. DICKERSON

v.COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 1215–10–1.

Court of Appeals of Virginia.

June 14, 2011.

(Kimberly Enderson Hensley; Office of Public Defender, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.(Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General; Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.Present: ELDER, PETTY and ALSTON, JJ.PETTY, Judge.

Appellant, Robert Dickerson, was convicted in a bench trial of cocaine possession in violation of Code § 18.2–250. On appeal, Dickerson argues the evidence was insufficient to convict him of this crime. Because Dickerson did not properly preserve this argument, we affirm his conviction.

In early April of 2009, a police officer for the City of Hampton arrested Dickerson for public intoxication after finding him passed out in a car blocking the driveway of a private residence. As the officer removed Dickerson from the car to arrest him, the officer noticed a scale with what appeared to be marijuana residue on it near Dickerson's left thigh. The officer searched Dickerson incident to his arrest and discovered marijuana and cocaine in his pockets.

The officer testified to these facts at a bench trial. At the close of the Commonwealth's evidence, Dickerson made a motion to strike the evidence “based on the insufficiency of the evidence,” but argued only that the police unlawfully searched him.¹ Subsequently, Dickerson testified that he had no idea where the cocaine came from, that it was not in his pockets, and that it was not his. Dickerson never made a motion to strike after the close of all the evidence.² Instead, Dickerson's counsel made a one-sentence closing argument, saying, “Your Honor, my client indicates clearly under oath that that was not his cocaine, that he never possessed that cocaine and I would submit it to the Court with that.” Evidently choosing to believe the officer and disbelieve Dickerson, the trial court found Dickerson guilty of cocaine possession. This appeal followed.

Rule 5A:18 states ³: “No ruling of the trial court ... will be considered as a basis for reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the ruling....” “Not just any objection will do. It must be both specific and timely—so that the trial judge would know the particular point being made in time to do something about it.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va.App. 741, 750, 607 S.E.2d 738, 742, adopted upon reh'g en banc, 45 Va.App. 811, 613 S.E.2d 870 (2005). “The goal of the contemporaneous objection rule is to avoid unnecessary appeals, reversals and mistrials by allowing the trial judge to intelligently consider an issue and, if necessary, to take corrective action.” Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va.App. 476, 480, 405 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1991) (en banc) (citing Head v. Commonwealth, 3 Va.App. 163, 167, 348 S.E.2d 423, 426 (1986)).

In Williams v. Commonwealth, 6 Va.App. 412, 368 S.E.2d 293 (1988), a divided panel of this Court held that while a motion to strike made at the close of all the evidence could preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial, a closing argument could not. Id. at 413–14, 368 S.E.2d at 293–94. However, this Court subsequently reversed that holding in Campbell, 12 Va.App. 476, 405 S.E.2d 1, holding that an appellant has preserved a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial when he makes an appropriate argument in a motion to strike at the close of the Commonwealth's evidence and then renews this argument in closing. Id. at 478, 405 S.E.2d at 1–2. We have therefore held since Campbell that an appropriate argument made during closing, or “summation,” will preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial. E.g., Delaney v. Commonwealth, 55 Va.App. 64, 66, 683 S.E.2d 834, 835 (2009) (citing Howard v. Commonwealth, 21 Va.App. 473, 478, 465 S.E.2d 142, 144 (1995)); Howard, 21 Va.App. at 478, 465 S.E.2d at 144 (citing Campbell, 12 Va.App. at 478–81, 405 S.E.2d at 1–3).

However, not every argument made in summation is an argument attacking the sufficiency of the evidence. As the Court explained in Campbell, a “closing argument may address other issues,” such as “a statute of limitations, an affirmative defense or the weight of the evidence.” Campbell, 12 Va.App. at 481, 405 S.E.2d at 3 (emphasis added). Generally, a closing argument focused only on the factual persuasiveness of the evidence, that is, the credibility of the witnesses or the weight of the evidence, is distinct from a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence. A sufficiency challenge requires the trial court to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. Cf. Cooper v. Commonwealth, 54 Va.App. 558, 562, 680 S.E.2d 361, 363 (2009) (discussing the sufficiency standard of review employed by an appellate court). “Viewing the [evidence] through this evidentiary prism requires [the trial court] to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’ ” Id. (quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980)). An argument on the merits, however, employs a very different evidentiary prism. This argument asks the trial court to reject any of the Commonwealth's evidence that is inconsistent with the accused's theory of the case and to accept instead the accused's interpretation of the evidence.

In light of the different arguments that the accused could present to the trial court, Rule 5A:18 requires the accused to specifically raise a legal challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in order to preserve that issue for appeal. Generally, this is easily achieved when the accused makes a motion to strike the evidence. By utilizing that device, the accused has a better opportunity to adequately alert the trial court to both the relief being sought and, as importantly, the basis for that relief.⁴ However, when the accused elects to forgo a motion to strike and proceed directly to closing argument, it is incumbent on him to make the trial court aware that he is challenging something other than the veracity of the evidence that supports the Commonwealths theory. As Campbell points out, the sufficiency challenge must be clear enough for the trial court to discern its presence and to be able to distinguish it from an argument on the merits. Campbell, 12 Va.App. at 481, 405 S.E.2d at 3 (holding that if “the issue of sufficiency is clearly presented to the trial court ... in a closing argument,” the issue is preserved for appeal (emphasis added)). “Not every closing argument accomplishes this objective.” ⁵ Id. An argument focused only on which witness is more worthy of belief fails to achieve this objective, and therefore the argument does not properly preserve a sufficiency challenge for appellate review.⁶ Id.; see Code § 8.01–384.

Here, Dickerson made no motion to strike at the close of all the evidence in his bench trial. Accordingly, he must rely upon his closing argument to preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. In his brief closing argument, Dickerson's counsel did nothing more than ask the trial court, sitting as the fact-finder, to disbelieve the police officer's testimony and believe Dickerson's testimony. This argument merely asked the court to believe his denial that he possessed the cocaine. Dickerson never asked the court to rule that the testimony of the officer was legally insufficient to support any element of the charge. Accordingly, Dickerson failed to preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in the trial court, and we are therefore precluded from considering that argument on appeal. See Rule 5A:18.

Thus, we affirm Dickerson's conviction.

Affirmed.

ELDER, J., concurring in the judgment.

The majority properly affirms Dickerson's conviction for cocaine possession in violation of Code § 18.2–250. However, I would reach this conclusion on the merits of the case because, unlike the majority, I believe the issue of whether Dickerson knew of the presence and character of the cocaine found in his pants pockets was properly preserved. Therefore, I write separately to concur in the judgment only.

The majority holds that counsel's “one-sentence closing argument” “did nothing more than ask the trial court, sitting as fact-finder, to disbelieve the police officer's testimony and believe Dickerson's testimony.” The majority believes this falls short of a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, which asks the trial court to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and discard the appellant's evidence, because it instead asked the trial court to discard the Commonwealth's evidence. The majority reasons that because an argument on the merits “employs a very different evidentiary prism” than the sufficiency challenge Dickerson argues on appeal, supra at 357–59, 709 S.E.2d at 720, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of the merits of Dickerson's appeal.

In my view, however, distinguishing a “closing argument [that] focuse[s] only on the factual persuasiveness ... or the weight of the evidence” from “a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence” draws a distinction without a difference, particularly in this case.⁷ Counsel argued that the cocaine “was not his” and “that he never possessed th[e] cocaine.” Counsel based this argument on Dickerson's testimony and therefore “asked the court to disbelieve the police officer's testimony and believe Dickerson's testimony”; i.e., evaluate the case on the merits by discerning the probative value of the evidence. Supra at 358, 709 S.E.2d at 720. In response, the trial court held that it was “convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that [Dickerson] [was] guilty of [cocaine...