Disability Law Center Ak v. Anchorage School Dist.

• Decision Date: 09 September 2009
• Docket Number: No. 08-35057.,08-35057.
• Citation: 581 F.3d 936
• Parties: DISABILITY LAW CENTER OF ALASKA, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ANCHORAGE SCHOOL DISTRICT, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

581 F.3d 936

DISABILITY LAW CENTER OF ALASKA, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ANCHORAGE SCHOOL DISTRICT, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 08-35057.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted August 3, 2009.

Filed September 9, 2009.

Megan K. Allison and Holly Johanknecht, Disability Law Center of AK, Anchorage, AK, for the plaintiff-appellant.

Bradley D. Owens and Cheryl Mandala, Jermain, Dunnagan & Owens, Anchorage, AK, for the defendant-appellee.

J. Daniel Sharp, Folger, Levin, & Kahn, San Francisco, CA, for the Amicus.

Francisco Maria Negron Jr., General Counsel, Alexandria, VA, for the Amicus.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Alaska, Ralph R. Beistline, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV-07-00131-RRB.

Before: JEROME FARRIS, DAVID R. THOMPSON and JOHNNIE B. RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges.

FARRIS, Circuit Judge:

I. Background

Beginning in 2007, Plaintiff Disability Law Center of Alaska received six separate complaints regarding mistreatment of students in the intensive needs special education class at Lake Otis Elementary School in Anchorage. These complaints described general problems with classroom conditions and specific treatment of both named and unnamed students, as well as identifying the one teacher and one aide responsible.

Law Center is the designated Protection and Advocacy agency for the state of Alaska, as provided under the Protection and Advocacy for Individuals with Mental Illness Act, 42 U.S.C. § 10801 et seq., and the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 15001 et seq. Acting pursuant to its investigatory authority under the legislation, Law Center contacted Defendant Anchorage School District, requesting information regarding the class, its students, its staff, and any relevant school district investigations. The school district provided most of the requested information but refused to provide contact information for the students' guardians or legal representatives.

Law Center brought suit in the district court, seeking to enjoin the school district to turn over the contact information. Law Center also moved for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction. The district court treated this as a motion seeking a permanent injunction, on the logic that the release of information cannot be undone. The district court dismissed the case with prejudice, holding that 1) Law Center had failed to establish probable cause to investigate because the responsible teacher and aide no longer worked at Lake Otis Elementary, and 2) the guardian or representative contact information at issue was protected under the Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1), and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1412(a)(8), 1417(c). The district court awarded attorney fees to the school district pursuant to Rule 82 of the Alaska Rules of Civil Procedure. Law Center now appeals the dismissal of its action and the award of fees.

II. Standard of Review

We review questions of law de novo. Samayoa-Martinez v. Holder, 558 F.3d 897, 899 (9th Cir.2009). Mixed questions of law and fact also receive de novo review, and we review the underlying factual findings for clear error. United States v. Bourseau, 531 F.3d 1159, 1164 (9th Cir.2008).

III. The district court erred by applying the wrong standard in determining whether Law Center had established probable cause.

The Development Disabilities Act grants a Protection and Advocacy agency "the authority to investigate incidents of abuse and neglect of individuals with developmental disabilities if the incidents are reported ... or if there is probable cause to believe that the incidents occurred." 42 U.S.C. § 15043(a)(2)(B). Under this authority, P & As may, after contacting the person's guardian or representative, access a disabled individual's records on the basis of "probable cause to believe that such individual has been subject to abuse or neglect." 42 U.S.C. § 15043(a)(2)(I) (emphasis added). In this context, "[p]robable cause means a reasonable ground for belief that an individual with developmental disabilities has been, or may be, subject to abuse or neglect." 45 C.F.R. § 1386.19 (emphasis added).

Law Center argued that complaints concerning general problems with classroom conditions and the treatment of students created probable cause to believe that every student in the Lake Otis special education class may have been subject to abuse or neglect, including those not named specifically. On that basis, it could demand guardian contact information from the school district.

The district court disagreed, holding that complaints about classroom conditions do not establish probable cause once the teacher allegedly responsible has left, "absent some showing of systemic neglect." The district court found "no indication of continuing potential for abuse or neglect since the teacher and teaching assistant provoking the complaints are no longer employed at the school."

The students subject to alleged abuse at Lake Otis were elementary-aged children with developmental disabilities who were particularly unable to assert their rights or to protect themselves. The DD Act does not protect such a vulnerable population only for future harm and systemic neglect. Rather, under the DD Act regulations, a P & A's belief about past harms and a P & A's belief about future harms are distinct, alternative bases for probable cause. 45 C.F.R. § 1386.19. The language of the DD Act, by employing the past tense, makes clear that P & As have authority to investigate past incidents. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. §§ 15043(a)(2)(B) ("... probable cause to believe that the incidents occurred") (emphasis added); 15043(a)(2)(I)(iii)(II) ("... has been subject to abuse or neglect") (emphasis added).

The district court erred in holding that probable cause under the DD Act requires some showing that abuse and neglect are ongoing or likely to recur. The fact that the offending teacher and aide had been removed from the Lake Otis classroom did not defeat Law Center's showing of probable cause.

IV. Law Center's access to the contact information was not barred by FERPA.

The Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act protects the confidentiality of educational records kept by government-funded schools. 20 U.S.C. § 1232g. FERPA and IDEA prohibit education agencies from disclosing "educational records" or "personally identifiable information contained therein" without parental consent or court order. 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1); see also 20 U.S.C. §§ 1412(a)(8), 1417(c).

The district court held that FERPA, and the provisions of IDEA incorporating FERPA's privacy protections, overrode Law Center's authority under the DD Act to demand guardian or representative contact information from the school district.

Where an agency is tasked with administering a statute, we defer to its interpretation of the statute so long as the statute itself is silent or ambiguous on the issue and the agency's interpretation is not arbitrary or capricious. Chevron v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837, 842-43 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). An agency's interpretation expressed in an amicus brief receives the same deference. Hertzberg v. Dignity Partners, Inc., 191 F.3d 1076, 1082 (9th Cir.1999).

The Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Education — tasked with administering the DD Act and FERPA, respectively — interpreted the DD Act to have created a limited exception to FERPA. In an amicus brief filed in the Second Circuit case State of Conn. Office of Prot. & Advocacy for Persons with Disabilities v. Hartford Bd. of Educ., 464 F.3d 229 (2d Cir.2006), DHHS and DOE interpreted the DD Act as "expressly...