Dixon v. Shamrock Financial Corp.

• Decision Date: 03 April 2008
• Docket Number: No. 07-1896.,07-1896.
• Citation: 522 F.3d 76
• Parties: Brian DIXON, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. SHAMROCK FINANCIAL CORPORATION, Defendant, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

522 F.3d 76

Brian DIXON, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. SHAMROCK FINANCIAL CORPORATION, Defendant, Appellee.

No. 07-1896.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Heard January 11, 2008.

Decided April 3, 2008.

Daniel A. Edelman, with whom Cathleen M. Combs, James O. Latturner, Edelman, Combs, Latturner & Goodwin, LLC, Christopher Lefevbre, Claude Lefebvre, and Christopher Lefebvre, P.C. were on brief, for appellant.

Jeffrey R. Martin, with whom Burns & Levinson LLP was on brief, for appellee.

James W. McGarry, Thomas M. Hefferon, Joseph F. Yenouskas, and Goodwin Procter LLP, on brief for amicus curiae American Financial Services Association, Consumer Mortgage Coalition, and Mortgage Bankers Association.

Before HOWARD, Circuit Judge, STAHL and SILER ^*, Senior Circuit Judges.

HOWARD, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff Brian Dixon, for himself and a class, claims that defendant Shamrock Financial Corporation unlawfully accessed his credit report, in violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA"), 15 U.S.C. § 1681. The district court granted Shamrock's motion to dismiss, and Dixon now appeals. Guided largely by our recent ruling in Sullivan v. Greenwood Credit Union, 520 F.3d 70 (1st Cir.2008), we affirm.

I.

Plaintiff Brian Dixon received a mailer from Shamrock Financial Corporation ("Shamrock"), the contents of which are the subject of this appeal. Dixon claimed that Shamrock unlawfully accessed his credit report in order to solicit him, in violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA"), 15 U.S.C. § 1681.

The FCRA regulates access to individuals' "consumer reports" (commonly known as credit reports). An entity may gain access to an individual's consumer report only with the written consent of the individual, unless the consumer report is to be used for certain "permissible purposes," in which case written consent is not required. Id. § 1681b. One such permissible purpose is to extend a firm offer of credit or insurance. Id. § 1681b(c). Lenders thus do not need written consent in order to access certain information about individuals from their consumer reports, provided they make a firm offer of credit to those individuals. Within this framework, lenders do not gain access to any individual consumer's full consumer report. Rather, lenders receive names and addresses of consumers who fit a given credit profile. Id. § 1681b(c)(2). Lenders must then extend to those consumers whose names and addresses it has received a "firm offer of credit." This term has a specific meaning in the statute which we will discuss later. Essentially, however, a "firm offer of credit" is defined by the FCRA as an offer that may be conditioned on additional preexisting internal criteria set by a lender.

Dixon received a pre-screened mailer from Shamrock. The mailer opens with the heading: "IMPORTANT CREDIT INFORMATION OPEN IMMEDIATELY." A personal invitation to Dixon follows, from a "Kathy Kelly." Kelly addresses Dixon as follows:

... Shamrock Financial's expertise is helping homeowners exactly like you. In just a few minutes, I can show you how you may restructure your debt, maximize tax benefits, improve your credit score and most importantly, save lots of money every month.

Call [number] for a free consultation and a complete credit profile....

Shamrock Financial can pay off your revolving debt and refinance your mortgage balance at a lower rate. Your credit score could then increase 100 points or more.

The mailer also contained a set of disclaimers on the reverse side, as follows:

TERMS & CONDITIONS: This offer is made by Shamrock Financial Corporation who is not affiliated with your current lender nor is it an agency of the government. This is not a commitment to make a loan. All approvals are subject to underwriting guidelines. Minimum and maximum loan amount apply. Rates and programs subject to change at any time....

PRE-SCREEN & OPT-OUT NOTICE: This "prescreened" offer of credit is based on information in your credit report indicating that you meet certain criteria. This offer is not guaranteed if you do not meet our criteria (including providing acceptable property collateral). If you do not want to receive prescreened offers of credit from this and other companies, call the consumer reporting agencies at [number]....

Dixon does not allege that he ever contacted Shamrock, or was denied credit by Shamrock. His claim is that Shamrock violated the FCRA by accessing his consumer report without extending to him a "firm offer of credit." Dixon filed suit in United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, on behalf of himself and a class of consumers in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Maine. He sought relief under the FCRA's penalty provision, 15 U.S.C. § 1681n, providing statutory damages in the event of a willful violation of the statute, and also sought injunctive relief and class certification.

The district court granted Shamrock's motion to dismiss, finding that Shamrock had not violated the FCRA.

II.

We review de novo the district court's Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal. Torromeo v. Toum of Fremont, 438 F.3d 113, 115 (1st Cir.2006).

To survive a motion to dismiss, Dixon must plead facts that "raise a right to relief above the speculative level...." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1965, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (internal citation omitted). We accept Dixon's well-pleaded facts as true, but reject "unsupported conclusions or interpretations of law." Wash. Legal Found, v. Mass. Bar Found., 993 F.2d 962, 971 (1st Cir.1993).

Dixon's central thesis is that Shamrock's mailer did not constitute a "firm offer of credit," and thus Shamrock's act of accessing information from his consumer report was prohibited by the FCRA. Dixon argues this thesis along two lines: first, that Shamrock did not present him with a "firm offer"; and second, that the mailer did not in fact represent an offer of "credit."

We may dispense with the latter claim first. Dixon alleges that the mailer is just a "solicitation for business," but he has pled no facts in support of this claim. He tries to liken Shamrock's mailer to the mailer at issue in Cole v. U.S. Capital, 389 F.3d 719, 722 (7th Cir.2004), where a prescreened offer of credit was found to be a solicitation to sell cars and not an offer of credit at all. But unlike in Cole, here there are no allegations that Dixon or any other consumer was denied credit by Shamrock despite meeting Shamrock's internal criteria, or that Dixon or any other consumer would have been denied credit had they contacted the company. At the motion to dismiss stage, there has been no discovery of Shamrock's lending practices and whether Shamrock would have approved for a home loan any recipient of the mailer-who also met Shamrock's internal criteria. This does not matter, however, because of Dixon's inadequate pleading.¹ Dixon's argument that the mailer is a sham that does not actually represent an offer of credit goes no further.

Dixon's main argument thus focuses on whether Shamrock's mailer was sufficiently "firm" to constitute a "firm offer of credit" under the FCRA. Dixon argues that the mailer is not a firm offer because it violates common law conceptions of an "offer": it is not sufficiently definite, in that there are further conditions attached, and it fails to contain adequate loan terms.

In support of this proposition, Dixon cites to the Supreme Court's recent decision interpreting the FCRA, Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, ___ U.S. ___ 127 S.Ct. 2201, 2209, 167 L.Ed.2d 1045 (2007). Dixon argues that under Safeco, common law terms used in the FCRA incorporate their common law meanings. A common law "offer," according to Dixon, is a set of terms that can be immediately accepted, in that the bargain could be concluded on terms that were clear to both parties. See Bourque v. FDIC, 42 F.3d 704, 708 (1st Cir.1994); see also Restatement (Second) of Contracts, §§ 24, 26 (1981). Because Shamrock's mailer contained no terms and was not a common law offer immediately acceptable by the consumer, the argument runs, Shamrock violated the FCRA. 15 U.S.C. § 1681a(l).

Our analysis of this question is largely controlled by our understanding of the FCRA in Sullivan.² The explicit definition within the FCRA of "firm offer of credit" precludes the operation of a common law definition of offer. See Safeco, 127 S.Ct. at 2209 ("[T]he general rule [is] that a common law term in a statute comes with a common law meaning, absent anything pointing another way.") (emphasis added); see also Sullivan, 520 F.3d at 76.

Congress established within the FCRA a definition of a "firm offer of credit" that points to a meaning distinct from the common law definition. That definition is as follows:

The term "firm offer of credit or insurance" means any offer of credit or insurance to a consumer that will be honored if the consumer is determined, based on information in a consumer report on the consumer, to meet the specific criteria used to select the consumer for the offer, except that the offer may be further conditioned on one or more of the following:

(1) The consumer being determined, based on information in the consumer's application for the credit or insurance, to meet specific criteria bearing on credit worthiness or insurability, as applicable, that are established —

(A) before selection of the consumer for the offer; and

(B) for the purpose of determining whether to extend credit or insurance pursuant to the offer.

(2) Verification

(A) that the consumer continues to meet the specific criteria used to select the consumer for the offer, by using information in a consumer report on the consumer, information in the consumer's application for the credit or insurance, or other information bearing on the credit worthiness or insurability of the consumer; or

(B) of the information in the consumer's application for the credit or insurance, to determine that the consumer meets...