Djedovic v. Gonzales, 05-1754.

• Decision Date: 23 March 2006
• Docket Number: No. 05-1754.,05-1754.
• Citation: 441 F.3d 547
• Parties: Natasa DJEDOVIC, et al., Petitioners, v. Alberto R. GONZALES, Attorney General of the United States, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

441 F.3d 547

Natasa DJEDOVIC, et al., Petitioners, v. Alberto R. GONZALES, Attorney General of the United States, Respondent.

No. 05-1754.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued March 1, 2006.

Decided March 23, 2006.

Mark S. Kocol (argued), Chicago, IL, for Petitioners.

Karen Lundgren, Department of Homeland Security, Office of the District Counsel, Chicago, IL, Kathryn Ann Kelly (argued), Department of Justice, Civil Division, Immigration Litigation, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

Before EASTERBROOK, WILLIAMS, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.

EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge.

Sabrije Slakovic and Natasa Djedovic are citizens of Serbia and Montenegro (), one of the shards into which Yugoslavia fractured following the collapse of communism in eastern Europe. They seek asylum in the United States on behalf of themselves and their three dependent children. Slakovic was drafted, went into hiding to avoid military service, was caught, and deserted after nine days; he contends that if returned he would be persecuted because of this desertion and his opposition to the use of force against fellow Muslims. Djedovic, a Christian, contends that she would be persecuted because of her marriage to Slakovic many residents of Pecurice, where they lived together in Montenegro, adamantly oppose marriage across religious lines. Slakovic and Djedovic sought other forms of relief, but because they proposed to enter the United States under a visa-waiver program only a grant of asylum would entitle them to remain. See Wigglesworth v. INS, 319 F.3d 951, 955-56 (7th Cir. 2003).

Slakovic was drafted in May 1999, during the Kosovo War. Serbian forces were removing ethnic Albanians from Kosovo. The European Union and the United States opposed this, and in March 1999 NATO began military activities against Serbia. Hostilities lasted until June 10, 1999, when Slobodan Milosevic gave up the fight and United Nations peacekeepers separated the Serbian and Albanian combatants. The conflict had ethnic rather than religious roots, but about 70% of ethnic Albanians are Moslem, and Slakovic did not want to take up arms against his co-religionists. He contends, moreover, that during his brief period of training he heard some other soldiers relish the prospect of killing Moslems. He does not maintain, however, that the military deprived him of weapons or planned to use him (or other Moslems) as cannon fodder, as Serbian forces sometimes had done in the Bosnian conflict. The immigration judge acknowledged that exposing adherents of one religion to greater risks of injury in combat than members of another would be a form of persecution. See, e.g., Miljkovic v. INS, 376 F.3d 754 (7th Cir. 2004); Begzatowski v. INS, 278 F.3d 665 (7th Cir.2002). Being trained to engage in atrocities also could be persecution, see Matter of A-G-, 19 I & N Dec. 502, 506 (BIA 1987), but Slakovic does not contend that this was his unit's objective.

The immigration judge, who believed Slakovic's testimony, concluded that the events he described do not amount to persecution; the Board of Immigration Appeals agreed. Substantial evidence supports that decision. All Slakovic faced was military conscription, which is not a form of persecution, see Tesfu v. Ashcroft, 322 F.3d 477, 482 (7th Cir.2003); Mojsilovic v. INS, 156 F.3d 743, 747 (7th Cir.1998), and comments by other soldiers not directed against him personally. See Mitev v. INS, 67 F.3d 1325, 1330-31 (7th Cir.1995). Even if we assume that Slakovic would be imprisoned on return for his desertion, that is not persecution unless the draft and military service are persecution. Slakovic does not contend that Moslem deserters are treated worse than Christian deserters. Indeed, Slakovic is unlikely to be punished at all. Ex-president Milosevic, who had been put on trial in an international criminal court, died earlier this month; in 2001 his successors announced an amnesty that appears to cover Slakovic. Cf. Mojsilovic, 156 F.3d at 747.

Djedovic testified that she and her children had been disowned by her parents and shunned by their neighbors in Pecurice. People she met in the street sometimes called her "ugly words" and spat in her direction. Again the immigration judge believed this testimony; again he found that this does not amount to persecution. Shunning is private activity rather than anything sponsored, approved, or enforced by the state. Djedovic does not contend that she or her children were in physical danger; the family lived in Pecurice for six years without incident beyond the personal unpleasantness, and Slakovic was gainfully employed. (Djedovic, who remained home to care for the children, did not testify that she was in the job market and had been unable to find work.) The agency's decision that these events do not justify asylum is supported by substantial evidence and does not rest on any legal error.

Slakovic and Djedovic maintain, however, that the record is incomplete, and they contend that the immigration judge violated the Constitution by refusing to accept telephonic testimony by Bernd Fischer, professor of Balkan history at Indiana University. Reliance on the due process clause is not only unnecessary but also inappropriate, as we pointed out in Rehman v. Gonzales, No. 05-2846, 441 F.3d 506, 2006 WL 688992 (7th Cir. Mar. 20, 2006). Statutory arguments take precedence over constitutional ones, and because every alien must have "a reasonable opportunity . . . to present evidence on the alien's own behalf," 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4)(B), the only question we need consider is whether that "reasonable opportunity" was afforded. It is difficult to imagine how an immigration judge could provide the "reasonable opportunity . . . to present evidence" required by statute, yet still violate the due process clause.

Two business days before the hearing, counsel filed a motion asking the immigration judge to take Fischer's evidence by telephone. The judge denied this motion on the date set for the hearing, informing the parties that he preferred either live testimony or written reports from expert witnesses. The judge also declined to postpone the hearing, a step that would have inconvenienced other participants and disrupted the immigration court's schedule (and thus affected the hearing dates for other aliens). He invited counsel to furnish Professor Fischer's evidence in writing after the oral testimony had been concluded. Counsel did not accept this invitation. Instead of filing an expert's report while the record remained open, he furnished only a three-page statement from Fischer summarizing his qualifications and listing topics he would have addressed, such as "[t]he development of modern extreme nationalism in Serbia-Montenegro through the Milosevic years. The impact of nationalist acculturation on Moslems[.]"

Counsel asserts that he was surprised when the immigration judge denied his motion; other judges (and this judge on other occasions) had accepted evidence by phone, so why not this judge this time? There is, however, an easy way to avoid surprise: advance notice. Regulations entitle each immigration court to establish procedures covering subjects not addressed by national...